Skip to main content
. 2026 Jan 6;16:2585. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-32436-6

Table 2.

Parameter configuration of the Transformer-PID gain regulator.

Parameter Symbol Value Description
Input feature dimension Inline graphic 20 Length of the feature vector
Embedding dimension Inline graphic 64 Dimensionality of the input embedding space
Number of encoder layers Inline graphic 3 Depth of the Transformer stack
Number of attention heads Inline graphic 4 Number of parallel attention mechanisms
Key vector dimension Inline graphic 16 Denominator of the self-attention scaling factor
Hidden layer size of FFNN Inline graphic 256 Number of neurons in the feedforward neural network within the encoder
Baseline proportional gain Inline graphic Inline graphic Initial Inline graphic for roll/pitch/yaw/thrust channels
Baseline integral gain Inline graphic Inline graphic Initial Inline graphic for each control channel
Baseline derivative gain Inline graphic Inline graphic Initial Kd for each control channel
Gain adjustment coefficients Inline graphic,Inline graphic,Inline graphic 0.6, 0.7, 0.4 Scaling factors for the gain adjustment range