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. 2025 Dec 15;12(1):9. doi: 10.1038/s41537-025-00712-z

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Comparing the average embeddings for each of the seven FTD rating scales. Diagonal cells indicate the average of the scale’s within-scale item semantic consistency and are thus not 1; off-diagonal cells highlight the degree of semantic overlap between different scales. Warmer colors (closer to 1) signify greater semantic similarity between scales, whereas cooler colors (closer to 0) indicate more divergent conceptual semantic coverage. TALD thought and language disorder, SAPS-SANS scale for the assessment of positive symptoms and scale for the assessment of negative symptoms, PANSS positive and negative syndrome scale, TLC thought, language, and communication, TLI thought, language, and communication disorder index, BIT assessment of bizarre-idiosyncratic thinking, CLANG clinical language disorder rating scale.