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. 2025 Dec 15;12(1):9. doi: 10.1038/s41537-025-00712-z

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Left; clustering based on semantic distance rating, using the TLC as a backbone. Circled area highlights neologism symptoms grouped in one cluster. Right, individual clinical item correlations between CLANG and TLC in patient & control sample (n = 98). TLC-10 (Neologisms) and CLANG-16 (Neologisms) circled. Note that Clang-1 (phonetic association), TLC-9 (clanging), TLC 15 (echolalia) and TLC 16 (Blocking) were excluded from the correlational analysis due to the absence of any cases having a non-zero score.