Table 1.
Four clusters based on semantic embeddings with TLC as backbone.
| Description | Scale index | Rating-scale items according to TLC-clustering |
|---|---|---|
| Group 1 features result in muddled communication with some incomprehensible elements. Meaning distortion, word substitution, and weak context association occur. The absence of crucial “cementing words” worsens confusion, causing difficulties in word sequencing. | TLI-6 | Peculiar sentences |
| TLI-5 | Peculiar use of words | |
| TLC-7 | Incoherence (Word salad, Jargon Aphasia) | |
| TLC-20 | Semantic paraphasia | |
| TLC-19 | Phonemic paraphasia | |
| TLC-11 | Word approximations (Paraphasia, Metonyms) | |
| TLC-10 | Neologisms | |
| TALD-4 | Dissociation of thinking (Incoherence/Distraction) | |
| TALD-21 | Concretism | |
| TALD-14 | Neologisms | |
| TALD-13 | Phonemic paraphasia | |
| TALD-12 | Semantic paraphasia | |
| SAPS-SANS-28 | Incoherence | |
| CLANG-6 | Discourse failure (Loss of schematic organization) | |
| CLANG-5 | Referential failures | |
| CLANG-2 | Abnormal syntax | |
| CLANG-17 | Paraphasic error | |
| CLANG-16 | Neologisms | |
| CLANG-13 | Dysarthria | |
| BIT-6 | Confused or disorganized ideas. | |
| BIT-1 | Strange verbalizations | |
| Group 2 features involve abrupt topic shifts in response to stimuli, repeated words or subjects, speech interruptions, and memory lapses regarding previous speech. | TLI-3 | Perseveration of ideas |
| TLC-9 | Clanging | |
| TLC-4 | Distractible speech | |
| TLC-3 | Pressure of speech | |
| TLC-18 | Self-reference | |
| TLC-16 | Blocking | |
| TLC-14 | Perseveration | |
| TALD-9 | Pressured speech | |
| TALD-7 | Verbigeration | |
| TALD-5 | Crosstalk | |
| TALD-30 | Pressure/Rush of thoughts | |
| TALD-29 | Thought interference | |
| TALD-27 | Expressive speech dysfunction | |
| TALD-26 | Receptive speech dysfunction | |
| TALD-25 | Inhibited thinking | |
| TALD-24 | Poverty of thought | |
| TALD-23 | Rumination | |
| TALD-22 | Blocking | |
| TALD-19 | Slowed thinking | |
| TALD-18 | Restricted thinking (o) | |
| TALD-15 | Clanging | |
| TALD-10 | Logorrhoea | |
| SAPS-SANS-33 | Clanging | |
| SAPS-SANS-32 | Distractible speech | |
| SAPS-SANS-31 | Pressure of speech | |
| SAPS-SANS-23 | Social inattentiveness | |
| SAPS-SANS-11 | Blocking | |
| PANSS-N7 | Stereotyped thinking | |
| PANSS-N6 | lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation | |
| CLANG-4 | Lack of semantic association | |
| CLANG-15 | Pressure of speech | |
| CLANG-14 | Poverty of speech | |
| CLANG-12 | Dysfluency | |
| CLANG-10 | Abnormal prosody | |
| CLANG-1 | Excess phonetic association | |
| BIT-11 | Strange behaviour | |
| Group 3 features include unfounded conclusions, irrelevant replies, a lack of thought continuity, off-topic wandering, disjointed ideas, and a dearth of meaningful connections, resulting in inconsistent narrative structure. | TLI-7 | Non-logical reasoning (peculiar logic) |
| TLI-4 | Looseness | |
| TLI-2 | Weakening of goal | |
| TLC-8 | Illogicality | |
| TLC-6 | Derailment/Loose association/Flight of ideas | |
| TLC-5 | Tangentiality | |
| TLC-13 | Loss of goal | |
| TALD-8 | Rupture of thought | |
| TALD-6 | Perseveration | |
| TALD-3 | Tangentiality | |
| TALD-28 | Dysfunction of thought initiative and Intentionality | |
| TALD-2 | Derailment | |
| SAPS-SANS-29 | Illogicality | |
| SAPS-SANS-27 | Tangentiality | |
| SAPS-SANS-26 | Derailment | |
| SAPS-SANS-12 | Increased response latency | |
| PANSS-P2 | Conceptual disorganization | |
| PANSS-N5 | Difficulty in abstract thinking | |
| CLANG-8 | Lack of details (in given context) | |
| CLANG-7 | Excess level details (in given context) | |
| CLANG-11 | Pragmatics disorder | |
| BIT-9 | Attending to a part of rather than the whole question | |
| BIT-8 | Intermingling of personal concerns/associations into the response. | |
| BIT-7 | Overelaborated response. | |
| BIT-5 | Peculiar or idiosyncratic reasoning or logic. | |
| BIT-4 | Responses that are deviant with respect to social convention. | |
| BIT-3 | Responses involving coherent but odd ideas | |
| BIT-10 | Lack of a relationship between subject’s statement and question asked | |
| Group 4 features entail restricted speech, brief concrete answers, omission of additional information, overly concise replies, uninformative or indirect responses with vague, repetitive, or abstract language, hindering meaningful information extraction by interviewers. | TLI-1 | Poverty of speech |
| TLC-2 | Poverty of content of Speech | |
| TLC-17 | Stilted speech | |
| TLC-15 | Echolalia | |
| TLC-12 | Circumstantiality | |
| TLC-1 | Poverty of speech | |
| TALD-20 | Poverty of speech (o) | |
| TALD-17 | Poverty of content of speech | |
| TALD-16 | Echolalia | |
| TALD-11 | Manneristic speech | |
| TALD-1 | Circumstantiality | |
| SAPS-SANS-9 | Poverty of speech | |
| SAPS-SANS-30 | Circumstantiality | |
| SAPS-SANS-10 | Poverty of speech content | |
| CLANG-9 | Aprosodic speech | |
| CLANG-3 | Excess syntactic constraints (Excess grammar) | |
| BIT-2 | Lack of shared communication. |