. 2025 Dec 10;16:2565. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-32263-9

Table 2.

The LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ of plant hexane extracts (PHEs) against sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius; SPW) at 24 and 48 h after treatment (contact method).

Treatment²	After treated (h)	Toxicity¹			SE	χ²	P ⁴
Treatment²	After treated (h)	Regression³	LC₅₀ (% of PHE)	LC₉₀ (% of PHE)	SE	χ²	P ⁴
SH	24	Y = 0.598x – 1.227	2.051	4.193	0.043	31.213	< 0.001^**
	48	Y = 1.640x – 1.445	0.881	1.663	0.145	36.624	< 0.001^**
SA	24	Y = 0.377x – 1.452	3.852	7.251	0.037	16.190	0.003^**
	48	Y = 0.634x – 1.368	2.159	4.182	0.045	30.445	< 0.001^**
LH	24	Y = 0.505x – 1.219	2.415	4.954	0.038	22.366	< 0.001^**
	48	Y = 0.473x – 0.787	1.662	4.368	0.038	61.494	< 0.001^**
LA	24	Y = 0.378x – 1.914	5.071	8.466	0.042	5.658	0.226^ns
	48	Y = 0.422x – 1.381	3.269	6.303	0.037	17.949	0.001^**
KH	24	Y = 0.581x – 2.034	3.499	5.703	0.044	12.385	0.015^*
	48	Y = 0.568x – 1.636	2.879	5.135	0.041	8.69	0.690^ns

¹Data were determined based on n = 10 adults of SPWs / three replications lethal concentrations of plant hexane extract (PHE) needed to kill 50% and 90% of the insects (LC₅₀ and LC₉₀, respectively) at 24 and 48 h after treatment. ²Hexane extracts from star anise, long pepper and kratom (SH, LH and KH, respectively), and acetone extracts from star anise and long pepper (SA, and LA, respectively). ³Probit (Y) = Intercept + Slope × (concentration: x). ⁴*, **: Significant difference at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively, ns: nonsignificant difference.