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. 2025 Dec 10;16:2565. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-32263-9

Table 4.

Particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential of nanoemulsion-based plant hexane extract (NHEs) and nanoemulsion-based plant hexane extract formulations (NHEFs) at 1.0% in water.

Nanoemulsions (1.0% in water) Particle size (nm) PDI Zeta Potential (mV)
Nanoemulsion-based plant hexane extract (NHEs), (% of plant hexane extract: PHE)
NHE-S (Star anis hexane extract : NP9 : Tween 20 = 1:3:1), (0.20% of PHE) 17.90 ± 2.94 0.17 ± 0.16 -1.33 ± 0.94
NHE-L (Long pepper hexane extract : NP9 : Tween 20 = 1:4:1), (0.16% of PHE) 24.64 ± 2.23 0.18 ± 0.06 -6.65 ± 1.06
Nanoemulsion-based plant hexane extract formulations (NHEFs)
NHEF-1 (NHE-S : NHE-L = 4:0), (0.20% of PHE) 17.90 ± 2.94 0.17 ± 0.16 -1.33 ± 0.94
NHEF-2 (NHE-S : NHE-L = 3:1), (0.19% of PHE) 22.10 ± 1.12 0.25 ± 0.07 -1.27 ± 0.66
NHEF-3 (NHE-S : NHE-L = 2:2), (0.18% of PHE) 21.60 ± 1.79 0.20 ± 0.23 -1.80 ± 1.06
NHEF-4 (NHE-S : NHE-L = 1:3), (0.17% of PHE) 20.88 ± 0.28 0.19 ± 0.03 -8.85 ± 0.97
NHEF-5 (NHE-S : NHE-L = 0:4), (0.16% of PHE) 24.64 ± 2.23 0.16 ± 0.03 -6.65 ± 1.06