Table 5.
Contact toxicity (LC50 and LC90), toxicity index (TI) and co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) of non-nanoemulsion-based (NNE) and nanoemulsion-based (NE) plant hexane extract formulations (PHEFs) against sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius; SPW) at 24 and 48 h after treatment.
| NHEFs / after treatment (h) |
Non-nanoemulsion-based | Nanoemulsion-based | Toxicity Index (TI) |
Co-Toxicity Coefficient (CTC) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toxicity1 (% of PHE) | Toxicity1 (% of NHEF) | Toxicity1 (% of PHE) | ||||||
| LC50 (%) | LC90 (%) | LC50 (%) | LC90 (%) | LC50 (%) | LC50 (%) | |||
| NHEF-1 (NHE-S) | ||||||||
| 24 | 2.051 | 4.193 | 0.570 | 1.065 | 0.114 | 0.213 | 18.0 | 100.0 |
| 48 | 0.881 | 1.663 | 0.464 | 0.889 | 0.093 | 0.178 | 9.5 | 100.0 |
| NHEF-2 (NHE-S: NHE-L = 3:1) | ||||||||
| 24 | - | - | 0.470 | 0.924 | 0.094 | 0.185 | - | 121.3 |
| 48 | - | - | 0.377 | 0.826 | 0.075 | 0.165 | - | 124.0 |
| NHEF-3 (NHE-S: NHE-L = 2:2) | ||||||||
| 24 | - | - | 0.622 | 1.333 | 0.124 | 0.267 | - | 91.9 |
| 48 | - | - | 0.538 | 1.204 | 0.108 | 0.241 | - | 86.1 |
| NHEF-4 (NHE-S: NHE-L = 1:3) | ||||||||
| 24 | - | - | 0.693 | 1.288 | 0.139 | 0.258 | - | 82.0 |
| 48 | - | - | 0.606 | 1.181 | 0.121 | 0.236 | - | 76.9 |
| NHEF-5 (NHE-L) | ||||||||
| 24 | 2.415 | 4.954 | 0.750 | 1.511 | 0.150 | 0.302 | 16.1 | 76.0 |
| 48 | 1.662 | 4.368 | 0.691 | 1.486 | 0.138 | 0.297 | 12.0 | 67.4 |
1Data were determined based on n = 10 adults of SPWs / three replications lethal concentrations of non-nanoemulsion-based and nanoemulsion-based plant hexane extract formulations needed to kill 50% and 90% of the insects (LC50 and LC90, respectively) at 24 and 48 h after treatment. 2NHEFs are the mixture of various nanoemulsion-based plant hexane extract (NHEs) with different ratios, NHEF-1 (NHE-S : NHE-L = 4:0), NHEF-2 (NHE-S : NHE-L = 3:1), NHEF-1 (NHE-S : NHE-L = 2:2), NHEF-1 (NHE-S : NHE-L = 1:3), NHEF-1 (NHE-S : NHE-L = 0:4).