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. 2025 Dec 10;16:2565. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-32263-9

Table 6.

Inhibitory effect of nanoemulsion-based plant hexane extract formulations (NHEFs) on survival rate and shoot and root length of Amaranthus tricolor and Echinochloa crus-galli at 7 days after treatments in a Petri-dish test.

NHEFs1 Concentrations (%) Amaranthus tricolortricolor Echinochloa crus-galli
Survival rate
(% of control)
Shoot length
(% of control)
Root length
(% of control)
Survival rate
(% of control)
Shoot length
(% of control)
Root length
(% of control)
NHEF-1 0.001 67.5 ± 13.9 78.4 ± 14.2 80.9 ± 12.2 - - -
0.01 0.0 ± 0.0 - - 92.5 ± 8.9 72.0 ± 5.6 77.8 ± 2.6
0.1 - - - 88.0 ± 6.4 50.1 ± 12.5 37.0 ± 1.8
1 - - - 0.0 ± 0.0 - -
NHEF-2 0.001 65.0 ± 12.0 76.9 ± 13.8 81.7 ± 4.3 - - -
0.01 0.0 ± 0.0 - - 97.5 ± 4.6 71.1 ± 9.8 73.8 ± 2.6
0.1 - - - 84 ± 10.9 37.0 ± 10.9 41.7 ± 5.0
1 - - - 0.0 ± 0.0 - -
NHEF-3 0.001 67.5 ± 11.6 72.7 ± 7.9 82.1 ± 10.5 - - -
0.01 0.0 ± 0.0 - - 97.5 ± 4.6 71.8 ± 3.5 75.2 ± 4.4
0.1 - - - 89.3 ± 6.2 31.9 ± 6.8 45.1 ± 4.5
1 - - - 0.0 ± 0.0 - -
NHEF-4 0.001 62.5 ± 13.9 71.0 ± 4.0 81.7 ± 10.3 - - -
0.01 0.0 ± 0.0 - - 97.5 ± 4.6 74.1 ± 2.8 72.5 ± 2.3
0.1 - - - 74.6 ± 10.7 18.8 ± 3.3 46.9 ± 3.3
1 - - - 0.0 ± 0.0 - -
NHEF-5 0.001 60.0 ± 7.6 73.0 ± 8.6 80.1 ± 13.3 - - -
0.01 0.0 ± 0.0 - - 95.0 ± 5.3 73.2 ± 2.9 71.3 ± 3.2
0.1 - - - 77.3 ± 10.3 16.4 ± 2.8 49.5 ± 3.2
1 - - - 0.0 ± 0.0 - -

1NHEFs are the mixture of various nanoemulsion-based plant hexane extract (NHEs) with different ratios, NHEF-1 (NHE-S : NHE-L = 4:0), NHEF-2 (NHE-S : NHE-L = 3:1), NHEF-1 (NHE-S : NHE-L = 2:2), NHEF-1 (NHE-S : NHE-L = 1:3), NHEF-1 (NHE-S : NHE-L = 0:4).