Table 3.

Surface flow domain properties for the different land-use categories.Manning’s roughness coefficients are based on established values from the literature (refs. ^130,131).

Land-use	Manning’s roughness coefficient [m−1/3 s]	Rill storage height [m]	Obstruction storage height [m]
Water and Wetlands	0.1	0.002	0.0
Urban areas	0.02	0.05	0.005
Grassland and Agriculture	0.1	0.01	0.05
Forest	0.04	0.05	0.10
Barren areas	0.02	0.002	0.015

Rill and obstruction heights were informed by values from ref. ¹²⁶ for similar terrain and adjusted through model-based trial-and-error to achieve hydrologically realistic surface flow behavior in the Mt. Fuji catchment.