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. 2026 Jan 20;17:713. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-67507-9

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Schematic of confined bacteria in the Q-1D microfluidic device. b Smooth and directional movement of C. insecticola cells in Q-1D. The cell trajectories over 20 s were overlayed on the phase-contrast image (see Movie S3). c Single-cell trajectories for 1 s. Left: Q-1D. Right: Standard chamber. d Time course of cell displacement in Q-1D. Left: Single cell. Forward and backward movements were detected as positive and negative displacements along the x axis, and presented by the blue and red colored lines, respectively. Right: Overlays of 61 cells and the average. e Distribution of the forward and backward duration of swimming time in Q-1D. Duration from one directional change to the next were measured and color-coded as in (d). Dashed lines show the fit of single exponential decay, where time constant τ is presented. f Duration ration of forward and backward direction. The duration of each run was measured, and the number of forward versus backward runs was counted. The ratio of forward runs was then calculated for runs with durations falling into 0.5 s intervals. The sample number of each bin are presented at the top. Source data are provided with this paper.