. 2025 Dec 18;16:2491. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-32378-z

Table 1.

Environmental characteristics and soil properties at different N rates (mean ± SE).

Parameter	T1	T2	T3	T4
Air temperature (°C)	32.0 ± 0.3^a	31.7 ± 0.3^a	31.6 ± 0.3^a	31.2 ± 0.2^a
Relative humidity (%)	71.8 ± 1.2^a	72.2 ± 1.1^a	74.1 ± 1.2^a	74.1 ± 1.1^a
Soil temperature (°C)	28.3 ± 0.2^a	28.2 ± 0.1^a	28.2 ± 0.1^a	28.1 ± 0.1^a
GWL (cm) (below the peat surface)	53.2 ± 2.4^a	54.4 ± 2.0^a	60.7 ± 2.0^a	60.6 ± 2.1^a
WFPS (%)	77.4 ± 1.2^a	77.3 ± 1.0^a	77.2 ± 1.1^a	76.8 ± 1.1^a
Bulk density (g cm^− 3)	0.25 ± 0.002^ab	0.24 ± 0.002^b	0.25 ± 0.002^a	0.24 ± 0.002^ab
Soil pH	3.43 ± 0.02^a	3.41 ± 0.02^ab	3.30 ± 0.02^c	3.35 ± 0.02^bc
NO₃⁻ (mg N kg^− 1)	57.6 ± 5.6^a	52.0 ± 5.7^a	64.8 ± 6.0^a	75.4 ± 9.2^a
NH₄⁺ (mg N kg^− 1)	453.8 ± 11.3^a	429.5 ± 11.2^a	427.0 ± 9.4^a	423.3 ± 10.8^a
SO₄²⁻ (mg kg^− 1)	52.0 ± 9.7^c	64.7 ± 9.1^bc	100.1 ± 13.5^ab	137.2 ± 17.5^a
Total C (%)	55.8 ± 0.3^a	55.5 ± 0.4^a	55.0 ± 0.4^a	55.4 ± 0.3^a
Total N (%)	1.85 ± 0.02^a	1.86 ± 0.02^a	1.87 ± 0.02^a	1.88 ± 0.03^a
C: N ratio	30.4 ± 0.3^a	30.1 ± 0.3^a	29.8 ± 0.3^a	29.9 ± 0.3^a
LOI (%)	96.7 ± 0.1^a	97.3 ± 0.1^b	96.6 ± 0.2^a	96.9 ± 0.2^ab

Different letters (a, b,c) indicate significant differences among N rates at p < 0.05.