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. 2025 Dec 10;16:2476. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-32376-1

Table 3.

Descriptive statistics of input variables for training, testing, and total datasets in the five hydrogeological zones.

Zone Z1 Zone Z2
Variable Name Statistical parameters Training set (n = 91) Testing set (n = 23) Total data set (n = 114) Variable Name Statistical parameters Training set (n=…) Testing set (n=…) Total data set (n=…)
Precipitation (mm/month) Min 0.00 0.00 0.00 Precipitation (mm/month) Min 0.00 0.00 0.00
Max 72.75 47.75 72.75 Max 71.50 61.00 71.50
Mean 10.41 7.16 9.76 Mean 12.59 10.20 12.11
Kurtosis 4.72 4.32 4.68 Kurtosis 2.56 5.67 2.87
Skewness 2.00 2.12 2.02 Skewness 1.70 2.24 1.77
SD 14.54 12.42 14.14 SD 17.21 14.54 16.69
Temperature (˚C) Min −0.10 4.60 −0.10 Temperature (˚C) Min −1.50 −0.10 −1.50
Max 41.20 36.60 41.20 Max 28.00 29.00 29.00
Mean 17.00 19.33 17.47 Mean 15.58 14.24 15.31
Kurtosis −0.20 −1.07 −0.50 Kurtosis −1.14 −1.70 −1.28
Skewness 0.37 −0.15 0.26 Skewness −0.24 0.08 −0.17
SD 9.10 9.83 9.25 SD 8.55 10.03 8.83
River Discharge (m 3 /s) Min 0.00 0.00 0.00 Irrigation Volume (MCM/month) Min 0.00 0.00 0.00
Max 49.08 53.07 53.07 Max 12.09 11.33 12.09
Mean 12.50 11.83 12.36 Mean 2.07 2.15 2.09
Kurtosis −0.65 −0.03 −0.58 Kurtosis 1.66 2.05 1.62
Skewness 0.94 1.08 0.96 Skewness 1.45 1.53 1.45
SD 16.23 16.35 16.18 SD 2.87 3.04 2.89
Groundwater Abstraction (m) Min −3.53 −2.33 −3.53 Groundwater Abstraction (m) Min −8.99 −8.76 −8.99
Max 3.40 3.49 3.49 Max 7.91 4.20 7.91
Mean −0.09 −0.02 −0.08 Mean −0.25 −0.27 −0.25
Kurtosis 1.84 1.90 1.76 Kurtosis 0.38 1.31 0.51
Skewness 0.09 1.05 0.31 Skewness −0.11 −1.06 −0.32
SD 1.17 1.29 1.19 SD 2.86 3.09 2.89
Groundwater Level (m) Min 1600.08 1600.28 1600.08 Groundwater Level (m) Min 1543.93 1547.62 1543.93
Max 1610.56 1610.29 1610.56 Max 1578.31 1575.30 1578.31
Mean 1603.91 1603.27 1603.78 Mean 1557.89 1559.36 1558.18
Kurtosis −0.27 0.60 −0.20 Kurtosis −0.10 −0.60 −0.23
Skewness 0.47 1.06 0.57 Skewness 0.54 0.16 0.46
SD 2.55 2.98 2.64 SD 7.84 7.17 7.70
Zone Z3 Zone Z4
Precipitation (mm/month) Min 2.99 6.07 2.99 Precipitation (mm/month) Min 4.00 2.99 2.99
Max 32.83 33.24 33.24 Max 33.24 32.27 33.24
Mean 18.20 22.24 19.01 Mean 19.27 17.92 19.01
Kurtosis −1.47 −1.44 −1.46 Kurtosis −1.49 −1.24 −1.46
Skewness 0.00 −0.35 −0.05 Skewness −0.11 0.17 −0.05
SD 9.27 9.38 9.40 SD 9.53 8.95 9.40
Temperature (˚C) Min 0.00 0.00 0.00 Temperature (˚C) Min 0.00 0.00 0.00
Max 66.50 74.00 74.00 Max 74.00 66.50 74.00
Mean 10.73 8.99 10.39 Mean 9.13 15.48 10.39
Kurtosis 2.58 7.17 3.56 Kurtosis 5.20 0.82 3.56
Skewness 1.71 2.64 1.92 Skewness 2.18 1.26 1.92
SD 15.05 17.91 15.60 SD 14.42 19.17 15.60
Irrigation Volume (MCM/month) Min 0.00 0.00 0.00 Irrigation Volume (MCM/month) Min 0.00 0.00 0.00
Max 40.23 26.28 40.23 Max 6.81 9.97 9.97
Mean 7.77 7.12 7.64 Mean 1.02 1.39 1.09
Kurtosis 0.93 −0.10 0.97 Kurtosis 4.01 9.03 9.42
Skewness 1.32 0.91 1.29 Skewness 1.69 2.62 2.41
SD 10.57 8.32 10.13 SD 1.32 2.20 1.53
Groundwater Abstraction (m) Min −5.15 −6.91 −6.91 Groundwater Abstraction (m) Min −0.95 −0.28 −0.95
Max 6.35 6.30 6.35 Max 0.44 0.48 0.48
Mean 0.05 −0.21 0.00 Mean −0.01 0.00 −0.01
Kurtosis 2.53 3.33 2.98 Kurtosis 6.42 2.60 6.10
Skewness 0.45 −0.03 0.23 Skewness −1.66 1.28 −1.27
SD 1.76 2.39 1.89 SD 0.18 0.16 0.18
Groundwater Level (m) Min 1570.70 1571.14 1570.70 Groundwater Level (m) Min 1732.14 1732.17 1732.14
Max 1580.99 1579.47 1580.99 Max 1733.42 1733.62 1733.62
Mean 1573.60 1573.78 1573.64 Mean 1732.83 1732.90 1732.84
Kurtosis −0.20 0.01 −0.20 Kurtosis 0.13 −0.24 0.29
Skewness 0.92 0.85 0.90 Skewness −0.15 −0.08 −0.01
SD 2.60 2.33 2.54 SD 0.23 0.36 0.26
Zone Z5
Precipitation (mm/month) Min 0.00 0.00 0.00 Temperature (˚C) Min 1.06 1.10 1.06
Max 77.70 67.00 77.70 Max 29.54 29.94 29.94
Mean 10.81 12.23 11.10 Mean 15.53 17.38 15.89
Kurtosis 3.95 3.09 3.57 Kurtosis −1.51 −1.18 −1.46
Skewness 2.01 1.67 1.92 Skewness 0.04 −0.31 −0.01
SD 16.48 16.94 16.51 SD 9.20 9.58 9.27
Groundwater Level (m) Min 1838.19 1838.26 1838.19 Kurtosis −1.01 −1.23 −0.92
Max 1840.18 1840.24 1840.24 Skewness 0.23 0.13 0.28
Mean 1838.92 1839.09 1838.95 SD 0.50 0.65 0.53