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. 2025 Dec 21;16:2529. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-32268-4

Table 2.

Comparison of Fq values with previous studies.

ϕ r 1 /B Chavda and Dodagoudar30 Gholami and Hosseininia29 Seyedi Hosseininia2 Present Study
FEM* SCM** FDM*** LB UB
0 0 - - - 1.006 1.006
1 - - - 1.006 1.006
3 - - - 1.005 1.005
10 0 3.061 2.95 - 2.946 2.975
1 2.809 2.85 - 2.713 2.745
3 2.643 - - 2.578 2.606
20 0 9.555 9.6 - 9.514 9.683
1 8.2 8.91 - 8.171 8.38
3 7.116 - - 7.141 7.28
25 0 17.384 18.31 21 18.15 18.537
1 14.25 16.62 17.5 15.275 15.789
3 11.719 - 15 12.518 12.86
30 0 32 37.4 - 36.523 37.45
1 25 33 - 30.843 32.123
3 19.871 - - 23.358 24.053

*Finite Element Method (FEM); **Stress Characteristic Method (SCM); ***Finite Difference Method.