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. 2025 Dec 11;16:2536. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-32287-1

Table 3.

ANOVA results for postural control parameters during single-leg stance on the affected limb across conditions.

Condition Effect Statistic COP parameter
DOT Rsw Rfa SD (ML) SD (AP) MV (ML) MV(AP) TMV Area
SHO Group F-ratio 2.65 1.38 0.08 1.32 0.50 1.45 0.44 1.09 2.59
Sig [η²] 0.11 [0.088] 0.24 [0.051] 0.76 [0.003] 0.25 [0.051] 0.48 [0.016] 0.23 [0.063] 0.50 [0.016] 0.30 [0.043] 0.18 [0.088]
Time F-ratio 13.73 15.85 9.48 15.82 8.78 16.15 23.09 21.07 12.44
Sig [η²] 0.001 [0.521] 0.001 [0.524] 0.004 [0.454] 0.001 [0.504] 0.005 [0.487] 0.001 [0.466] 0.001 [0.636] 0.001 [0.577] 0.001 [0.491]
Group × Time F-ratio 0.13 0.05 0.41 0.08 1.02 0.03 1.07 0.77 0.89
Sig [η²] 0.71 [0.011] 0.82 [0.004] 0.52 [0.003] 0.77 [0.005] 0.31 [0.100] 0.85 [0.002] 0.30 [0.075] 0.38 [0.048] 0.35 [0.064]
SHC Group F-ratio 19.95 2.80 7.43 3.87 10.44 7.37 9.19 12.34 7.58
Sig [η²] 0.001 [0.511] 0.08 [0.138] 0.009 [0.228] 0.056 [0.130] 0.002 [0.307] 0.01 [0.240] 0.004 [0.260] 0.001 [0.347] 0.014 [0.267]
Time F-ratio 6.01 2.56 12.56 1.63 12.56 11.61 18.57 18.80 5.19
Sig [η²] 0.01 [0.223] 0.11 [0.102] 0.001 [0.459] 0.20 [0.103] 0.001 [0.433] 0.002 [0.412] 0.001 [0.572] 0.001 [0.529] 0.03 [0.213]
Group × Time F-ratio 3.16 3.73 0.001 1.40 1.22 6.71 0.07 2.38 1.38
Sig [η²] 0.08 [0.132] 0.06 [0.142] 0.71 [0.001] 0.24 [0.090] 0.27 [0.069] 0.01 [0.288] 0.76 [0.006] 0.13 [0.125] 0.24 [0.067]
SSO Group F-ratio 4.17 0.84 33.16 1.04 9.14 5.38 3.95 6.88 3.24
Sig [η²] 0.04 [0.156] 0.36 [0.034] 0.001 [0.584] 0.31 [0.042] 0.004 [0.255] 0.07 [0.155] 0.084 [0.142] 0.01 [0.213] 0.11 [0.123]
Time F-ratio 19.44 38.21 79.91 28.65 17.83 40.19 30.38 52.17 30.88
Sig [η²] 0.001 [0.528] 0.001 [0.001] 0.001 [0.830] 0.001 [0.643] 0.001 [0.572] 0.001 [0.789] 0.001 [0.654] 0.001 [0.782] 0.001 [0.646]
Group × Time F-ratio 5.61 0.64 17.61 1.80 6.65 0.49 1.34 1.52 4.72
Sig [η²] 0.02 [0.244] 0.42 [0.039] 0.001 [0.518] 0.18 [0.102] 0.01 [0.333] 0.48 [0.044] 0.25 [0.077] 0.22 [0.095] 0.03 [0.218]
SSC Group F-ratio 3.08 1.52 3.95 0.23 4.20 0.32 2.41 2.47 2.09
Sig [η²] 0.09 [0.132] 0.22 [0.079] 0.07 [0.149] 0.62 [0.038] 0.04 [0.164] 0.56 [0.013] 0.12 [0.113] 0.12 [0.102] 0.15 [0.097]
Time F-ratio 17.11 15.62 12.48 24.76 9.63 15.48 27.34 28.44 21.48
Sig [η²] 0.001 [0.464] 0.001 [0.414] 0.001 [0.417] 0.001 [0.612] 0.003 [0.342] 0.001 [0.494] 0.001 [0.566] 0.001 [0.609] 0.001 [0.511]
Group × Time F-ratio 0.09 0.001 0.38 0.61 0.15 3.55 0.51 2.47 0.45
Sig [η²] 0.75 [0.005] 0.99 [0.001] 0.53 [0.022] 0.43 [0.010] 0.69 [0.008] 0.04 [0.183] 0.47 [0.024] 0.12 [0.119] 0.50 [0.210]

Center of pressure (COP); Single-leg stance on a hard surface with eyes open (SHO); Single-leg stance on a hard surface with eyes closed (SHC); Single-leg stance on a soft surface with eyes open (SSO); Single-leg stance on a soft surface with eyes closed (SSC); Total displacement of center of pressure (DOT); Range of sideways displacement (Rsw); Range of fore/aft displacement (Rfa); Standard deviation (SD); Mean velocity (MV); Total mean velocity (TMV); Anteroposterior (AP); Mediolateral (ML); Bold denotes statistically significant values (p < 0.05).