Table 2. Summary of reported mental health comorbidities, prescribing rates, and healthcare usage.

First author and year	Country	Study setting	Population	Mental health comorbidity	Prescribing rates	Healthcare usage and costs
Moran 2000 11	UK	Primary care attenders	Consecutive attenders to GP surgery with PD	62%≥2 PD diagnoses
Rendu 2002 37	UK	Primary care	Consecutive attenders to GP surgery with PD			PD were not independently associated with increased costs
Aragonès 2003 16	Spain	Primary care records	Patients with BPD ICD-10 code	26.3% affective disorders	25.2% antipsychotics, 37.6% antidepressants, 37.4% anxiolytics	Visited the primary care doctor twice as often as the general adult population in Catalonia (8.1 versus 4.4 annual visits)
Jones 2006 13	UK	Primary care referrals for CBT	GP referrals to psychology service for CBT with PD	30.9%≥2 PD diagnoses
Sansone 2011 40	US	Outpatients	Consecutive sample of internal medicine outpatients with BPD			Statistically significant: more primary care physicians are seen by patients with BPD compared with no BPD over 5 years (2.85 versus 1.88)
Patel 2015 41	UK	Primary care	Frequent GP attenders	31% depression, 25% dysthymia, 28% any anxiety diagnosis
Sundquist 2017 15	Sweden	Primary care records	Patients with PD ICD-10 code	63% depression, 67% anxiety	80.1% antidepressants, 71.7% anxiolytics
Hardoon 2022 39	UK	Primary care records	Patients with PD Read code	75% depression, 51% anxiety	34% antipsychotics

BPD = borderline personality disorder. CBT = cognitive behavioural therapy. ICD = International Classification of Diseases. PD = personality disorder