Tab.3. Genotoxicity of N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine in vitro.
| End point | Test system | Concentration range | Effective concentration | Cytotoxicity | Results | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| –m. a. | +m. a. | ||||||
| gene mutation | Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA pKM101 | 50–1500 µg/plate |
|
500 µg/plate | – | – | NTP 2012 |
|
|
Salmonella typhimurium TA100 | 10–1000 µg/plate |
|
333/500 µg/plate | – | –a) | NTP 2012 (10 tests overall) |
|
|
Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 | 10–1000 µg/plate |
|
500 µg/plate | – | –a) | NTP 2012 (8 tests overall) |
|
|
Salmonella typhimurium TA97 | 0.33–1000 µg/plate |
|
500 µg/plate | – | –a) | NTP 2012 (9 tests overall) |
|
|
Salmonella typhimurium TA98 | 10–1000 μg/plate |
|
333 µg/plate | – | –a) | NTP 2012 (10 tests overall) |
|
|
Salmonella typhimurium TA97 (spot test) |
3000 μg/plate |
|
3000 μg/plate | cytotoxic | cytotoxic | Miller et al. 1986 |
|
|
Salmonella typhimurium TA98 (spot test) |
3000 μg/plate |
|
|
– | – |
|
|
|
Salmonella typhimurium TA100 (spot test) |
3000 μg/plate |
|
|
(+) | (+) |
|
|
|
Salmonella typhimurium TA104 (spot test) |
3000 μg/plate |
|
|
– | (+) |
|
|
|
Salmonella typhimurium TA97, TA98, TA100, TA104 (plate incorporation test) |
50–5000 µg/plate |
|
|
– | – |
|
|
|
Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA1538 (plate incorporation test) |
3–333 µg/plate |
|
|
– | – | Seifried et al. 2006 |
|
|
Salmonella typhimurium TA97, TA98, TA100 | 1–100 µg/plate |
|
100 µg/plate | – | –a) | Taningher et al. 1993 |
|
|
Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1537, TA1538 (plate incorporation test) |
up to 5000 µg/plate |
|
1000 μg/plate | – | – | US EPA 2009 |
|
|
Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1537, TA1538 | up to 100 µg/plate |
|
100 µg/plate | – | – |
|
| DNA damage by comet assay | Caco-2 | 2.5 mM | 2.5 mM | – | (+) n. stat. sign. | n. t. | Wessels et al. 2015 |
| DNA damage by comet assay (modified: hOGG1) | Caco-2 | 2.5 mM | 2.5 mM | – | +* | n. t. |
|
| micronucleus test (modified: 3–4 cell cycles) | V79 cells | 0.3–1.2 mM | 0.9 mM |
|
+** | n. t. | Taningher et al. 1993 |
| micronucleus test, CREST positive | V79 cells | 0.3–1.2 mM | 0.9 mM |
|
+** | n. t. |
|
| micronucleus test, CREST negative (CA) | V79 cells | 0.3–1.2 mM | 1.2 mM |
|
+** | n. t. |
|
| TK+/– test | L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells | 0.005-0.31 µl/ml | 0.031 µg/ml | 0.037 µg/ml | (+) | + | Seifried et al. 2006, 2008 |
a)
metabolic activation: S9 mix from rat or hamster liver
*
< 0.05
**
< 0.001 (Cochrane-Armitage trend test)
CA: chromosomal aberrations; CREST: kinetochore proteins; DMPT: N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine; hOGG1: 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine-DNA glycosylase 1; n. stat. sign.: not statistically significant; n. t.: not tested