Table 2. Adjusted linear mixed‐effects model estimates with group× time interaction and pairwise contrasts.
| Outcomes and timepointa | Intervention | Active control | Waitlist control | Int (LRT)b, χ² (df) | Intervention versus ACc, mean difference (95% CI) |
Intervention versus WLCd, mean difference (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI, kg/m² | |||||||
| Baseline | 26.93 (1.28) |
27.10 (1.34) |
27.06 (1.27) |
51.57 (6) | –0.17 (–0.59 to 0.26) |
–0.13 (–0.55 to 0.29) |
|
| 2 months | 26.84 (1.27) |
27.06 (1.32) |
27.02 (1.28) |
—e | –0.21 (–0.63 to 0.21) |
–0.18 (–0.60 to 0.24) |
|
| 4 months | 26.80 (1.25) |
27.03 (1.37) |
26.99 (1.32) |
— | –0.24 (–0.66 to 0.18) |
–0.19 (–0.61 to 0.23) |
|
| 6 months | 26.63 (1.28) |
27.10 (1.34) |
27.06 (1.27) |
— | –0.47 (–0.89 to –0.04) |
–0.54 (–0.85 to –0.01) |
|
| METf | |||||||
| Baseline | 646.40 (196.73) |
612.44 (212.90) | 625.14 (230.17) |
21 (6) |
33.96 (−33.11 to 101.03) |
21.26 (−48.80 to 91.32) |
|
| 2 months | 690.64 (243.11) |
632.54 (228.78) |
608.71 (268.26) |
— | 58.10 (−19.15 to 135.34) |
81.93 (−1.84 to 165.70) |
|
| 4 months | 719.26 (247.92) |
595.17 (231.28) |
598.81 (196.49) |
— | 124.10 (45.64-202.55) |
147.32 (62.51-232.13) |
|
| 6 months | 749.21 (205.77) |
600.42 (231.22) |
603.60 (196.60) |
— | 129.45 (53.28-205.61) |
152.87 (68.35-237.38) |
|
| GADg | |||||||
| Baseline | 5.11 (3.69) |
5.79 (3.78) |
5.03 (3.38) |
13.04 (6) | –0.68 (–1.83 to 0.47) |
0.08 (–1.07 to 1.24) |
|
| 2 months | 4.67 (3.63) |
5.15 (3.84) |
4.38 (3.40) |
— | –0.49 (–1.64 to 0.67) |
0.29 (–.86 to 1.45) |
|
| 4 months | 4.24 (3.55) |
4.75 (3.73) |
3.72 (3.09) |
— | –0.51 (–1.67 to 0.64) |
0.51 (–0.64 to 1.67) |
|
| 6 months | 3.79 (3.67) |
4.38 (3.78) |
3.06 (3.06) |
— | –0.58 (–1.74 to 0.57) |
0.74 (–0.42 to 1.89) |
|
| PHQh | |||||||
| Baseline | 5.97 (4.53) |
5.96 (5.04) |
5.78 (4.05) |
6.33 (6) |
0.01 (–1.31 to 1.33) |
–0.08 (–1.40 to 1.25) |
|
| 2 months | 5.49 (4.33) |
5.40 (4.80) |
5.25 (4.02) |
— | –0.49 (–1.81 to 0.83) |
–0.42 (–1.74 to 0.90) |
|
| 4 months | 4.78 (4.41) |
4.85 (4.81) |
4.71 (3.87) |
— | –0.51 (–1.83 to 0.81) |
–0.74 (–2.06 to 0.57) |
|
| 6 months | 4.12 (4.33) |
4.46 (4.62) |
3.83 (3.70) |
— | –0.51 (–1.83 to 0.81) |
–0.65 (–1.97 to 0.67) |
|
| WEMWBSi | |||||||
| Baseline | 49.72 (8.77) |
50.19 (9.75) |
50.99 (9.88) |
7.21 (6) |
–0.47 (–4 to 3.06) |
–2.67 (–6.20 to 0.87) |
|
| 2 months | 49.54 (9.19) |
50.50 (9.79) |
50.76 (10.26) |
— | –1.60 (–5.13 to 1.93) |
–1.42 (–4.95 to 2.11) |
|
| 4 months | 49.08 (9.52) |
50.25 (9.42) |
50.62 (10.63) |
— | –2.49 (–6.01 to 1.03) |
–0.87 (–4.40 to 2.67) |
|
| 6 months | 48.60 (9.82) |
50.04 (9.66) |
50.57 (10.44) |
— | –1.51 (–5.04 to 2.02) |
0.11 (–3.42 to 3.65) |
|
| PSSj | |||||||
| Baseline | 16.97 (6.10) |
17.25 (5.79) |
16.28 (5.53) |
7.46 (6) |
–0.28 (–2.29 to 1.73) |
–0.97 (–2.98 to 1.04) |
|
| 2 months | 16.21 (6.46) |
16.93 (5.86) |
15.53 (5.75) |
— | –0.42 (–2.42 to 1.58) |
–0.93 (–2.94 to 1.07) |
|
| 4 months | 15.50 (6.87) | 16 (6.18) | 14.99 (6.15) |
— | –0.76 (–2.77 to 1.25) |
–1.67 (–3.68 to 0.34) |
|
| 6 months | 14.54 (7.03) |
15.56 (6.46) |
14.42 (6.51) |
— | –0.90 (–2.90 to 1.10) |
–0.90 (–2.91 to 1.11) |
|
| WHO-5k | |||||||
| Baseline | 60.67 (19.77) |
64.15 (19.63) |
59.17 (20.99) |
2.95 (6) |
–3.49 (–10.42 to 3.45) |
–1.78 (–8.71 to 5.15) |
|
| 2 months | 62.18 (20.64) |
64.86 (19.77) |
59.65 (22.38) |
— | –1.11 (–8.04 to 5.82) |
1.75 (–5.18 to 8.68) |
|
| 4 months | 62.54 (21.60) |
64.96 (19.89) |
60.21 (22.37) |
— | –1.18 (–8.11 to 5.74) |
3.75 (–3.18 to 10.68) |
|
| 6 months | 62.04 (22.67) |
65.75 (19.89) |
60.90 (22.47) |
— | –0.31 (–7.24 to 6.62) |
2.58 (–4.35 to 9.51) |
|
| Self-esteeml | |||||||
| Baseline | 30.54 (5.13) |
30.57 (4.06) |
30.51 (5.30) |
5.60 (6) |
–0.03 (–1.55 to 1.50) |
0.03 (–1.69 to 1.75) |
|
| 2 months | 30.06 (5.27) |
30.43 (4.15) |
29.93 (5.31) |
— | –0.38 (–1.94 to 1.19) |
0.12 (–1.62 to 1.87) |
|
| 4 months | 31.82 (5.41) |
29.89 (4.11) |
29.74 (5.42) |
— | 1.93 (0.35-3.52) |
2.08 (0.30-3.87) |
|
| 6 months | 31.44 (5.48) |
29.64 (4.03) |
29.46 (5.27) |
— | 1.81 (0.22-3.39) |
1.99 (0.21-3.76) |
|
| Lonelinessm | |||||||
| Baseline | 41 (9.71) |
40.07 (9.56) |
40.97 (9.68) |
3.07 (6) |
0.93 (–2.24 to 4.11) |
0.03 (–3.17 to 3.22) |
|
| 2 months | 40.03 (9.93) |
39.29 (9.78) |
40.26 (10.07) |
— | 0.74 (–2.51 to 3.98) |
–0.24 (–3.53 to 3.06) |
|
| 4 months | 34.49 (9.77) |
38.25 (9.52) |
39.58 (10.30) |
— | –3.76 (–6.93 to -.58) |
5.09 (–8.40 to –1.78) |
|
| 6 months | 33.55 (9.94) |
37.35 (9.69) |
38.57 (10.45) |
— | –3.79 (–7.03 to –0.56) |
–5.02 (–8.38 to –1.66) |
|
Adjusted means (SE) are estimated from linear mixed‐effects models with a random intercept for each participant, including fixed effects for group (1 = intervention, active control, 3=waitlist control), time (baseline, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months), and their interaction. Interaction effects were tested via likelihood‐ratio tests (chi-square (df)); reported chi-square and degrees of freedom refer to the comparison between the full model (with group × time) and the reduced model (without the interaction). Pairwise contrasts (intervention vs active control; intervention vs waitlist control) give mean differences and 2‐sided 95% CIs. Positive values indicate higher scores in the intervention group.
LRT: likelihood ratio test.
AC: active control.
WLC: waitlist control.
Not applicable.
MET: total weekly metabolic equivalent minutes.
GAD: Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7.
PHQ: Patient Health Questionnaire‐9.
WEMWBS: Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well‐being Scale.
PSS: Perceived Stress Scale.
WHO‐5: 5-item World Health Organization Well‐Being Index.
Self‐Esteem: Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale.
Loneliness: UCLA Loneliness Scale.