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. 2026 Jan 8;12:1728525. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1728525

Table 2.

Cox regression models for the association between HDL subfractions and MACCEs risk.

Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
HR (95% CI) P HR (95% CI) P HR (95% CI) P
HDL
Low Reference Reference Reference
Medium 1.04 (0.70–1.54) 0.861 0.95 (0.64–1.41) 0.796 1.03 (0.69–1.54) 0.888
High 0.75 (0.48–1.16) 0.193 0.57 (0.36–0.89) 0.014 0.64 (0.40–1.02) 0.060
P for trend 0.212 0.015 0.066
Per 0.1 mmol/L increase 0.97 (0.90–1.04) 0.357 0.93 (0.86–0.99) 0.043 0.95 (0.88–1.02) 0.151
HDL-2b
Low Reference Reference Reference
Medium 0.71 (0.46–1.07) 0.100 0.61 (0.40–0.93) 0.023 0.68 (0.45–1.04) 0.078
High 0.83 (0.55–1.25) 0.370 0.58 (0.38–0.88) 0.010 0.65 (0.43–1.00) 0.050
P for trend 0.336 0.010 0.047
Per 0.1 mmol/L increase 0.92 (0.78–1.10) 0.373 0.81 (0.68–0.97) 0.020 0.86 (0.72–1.03) 0.093
HDL-3
Low Reference Reference Reference
Medium 0.56 (0.37–0.83) 0.004 0.62 (0.42–0.93) 0.022 0.76 (0.50–1.14) 0.186
High 0.43 (0.28–0.68) <0.001 0.48 (0.31–0.75) 0.001 0.58 (0.37–0.91) 0.019
P for trend <0.001 <0.001 0.016
Per 0.1 mmol/L increase 0.72 (0.61–0.85) <0.001 0.76 (0.65–0.90) 0.001 0.83 (0.70–0.98) 0.028

HR with 95% CIs were estimated using both tertile-based and continuous models, with the lowest tertile serving as the reference category. HRs for each 0.1 mmol/L increment were additionally calculated.

Model 1: unadjusted.

Model 2: adjusted for age and sex.

Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, CKD, and statin use.