. 2026 Jan 8;12:1714827. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1714827

Table 4.

Effects of small peptide supplementation on rumen fermentation parameters of Simmental beef cattle (n = 10).

Items	Experimental treatments						SEM	P-value
Items	CON	0.20%	0.40%	0.60%	0.80%	1.0%	SEM	P-value
Ruminal pH	5.97	6.02	6.01	6.02	5.99	6.08	0.094	0.216
MCP (mg dL-1)	23.16^b	23.69^b	23.23^b	25.34^a	24.94^a	24.57^a	0.741	0.043
Acetate (mmol/L)	47.24^b	47.85^b	48.26^ab	49.27^a	47.28^b	46.07^b	1.273	0.038
Propionate (mmol/L)	17.49^a	17.38^a	16.11^b	16.13^b	16.75^b	16.44^b	0.632	0.027
Acetate/Propionate	2.70^b	2.75^b	3.00^a	3.05^a	2.82^b	2.80^b	0.113	0.043
Butyrate (mmol/L)	11.17^b	12.12^b	12.28 ^b	13.75^a	13.33^a	13.01^ab	0.879	0.036
Ammonia-N (mg/100 mL)	12.49^b	13.41^ab	13.54^ab	13.77^ab	13.96^a	14.27^a	0.981	0.006

^a,bMeans the different letters in the same row showed the significant discrepancy (p < 0.05); SEM, standard error of the mean; CON, control diet; MCP, microbial protein.