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. 2026 Jan 9;13:1753160. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1753160

Table 4.

Association of antimicrobial consumption in the last 12 months with baseline characteristics of the household.

Characteristics Households with antimicrobial consumption Households without antimicrobial consumption p value OR (95% CI)
Household size <0.001@ 3.39 (1.84 to 6.23)
4 or above 46 (22.9%) 155 (77.1%)
Upto 3 16 (8.0%) 183 (92.0%)
Children in the household <0.001@ 2.57 (1.46 to 4.51)
Children present 40 (22.2%) 140 (77.8%)
No children 22 (10.0%) 198 (90.0%)
Earning members 0.349 1. 31 (0.74 to 2.30)
More than 1 23 (18%) 105 (82%)
Upto 1 39 (14.3%) 233 (85.7%)
Education of the head of the family 0.612 0.86 (0.50 to 1.49)
Upto Middle School 27 (14.5%) 159 (85.5%)
High School and above 35 (16.4%) 179 (83.6%)
Occupation of the head of the family 0.026@ 0.54 (0. 31 to 0.93)
Unemployed up to semi-skilled 28 (12.1%) 204 (87.9%)
Skilled and above 34 (20.2%) 134 (79.8%)
Primary healthcare provider 0.075 1.66 (0.95 to 2.93)
Private 24 (20.5%) 93 (79.5%)
Government 38 (13.4%) 245 (86.6%)

@ p < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.