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. 2026 Jan 9;5:1733003. doi: 10.3389/fradi.2025.1733003

Figure 2.

Graphs illustrating underfitting, just right, and overfitting in regression, classification, and deep learning. Regression shows a straight line, a curve, and a complex curve. Classification displays a straight line, a curved boundary, and a complex boundary. Deep learning shows error vs. epoch curves where the overfitting one fluctuates.

Underfitting and overfitting in regression, classification, and deep learning. (middle) Blue and orange dots represent classes in binary classification. (bottom) In deep learning, orange lines are training datasets, and blue lines are validation datasets.