Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of included pregnant people (N=258).
| Maternal characteristics | All (N=258) | Intervention (n=135) | Usual care (n=123) | P valuea | |||||||
| Maternal age (years), mean (SD) | 27.5 (6.0) | 27.5 (6.0) | 27.5 (6.0) | .99 | |||||||
| Weight (kg), mean (SD) | 74.8 (16.9) | 74.2 (16.4) | 75.3 (16.5) | .58 | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 32.2 (5.0) | 31.8 (5.0) | 32.6 (5.0) | .18 | |||||||
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Normal (18.5-24.9), n (%) | 89 (34.5) | 47 (34.8) | 42 (34.1) | .99 | ||||||
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Overweight (25-29.9), n (%) | 76 (29.5) | 36 (26.7) | 40 (29.6) | —b | ||||||
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Obese (30-40), n (%) | 93 (36.0) | 48 (35.6) | 45 (36.6) | — | ||||||
| Race and ethnicity, n (%) | .35 | ||||||||||
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Hispanic | 18 (7.0) | 7 (5.2) | 11 (8.9) |
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Non-Hispanic White | 85 (32.9) | 45 (33.3) | 40 (32.5) |
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Non-Hispanic Black | 139 (53.9) | 77 (57.0) | 62 (50.4) |
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Mixed or other | 16 (6.2) | 6 (4.4) | 10 (8.1) |
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| Marital status, n (%) | .30 | ||||||||||
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Married/living with significant other | 147 (57.0) | 81 (60.0) | 66 (53.7) |
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Not married | 111 (43.0) | 54 (40.0) | 57 (46.3) |
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| Education level, n (%) | .91 | ||||||||||
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Postgraduate work | 9 (3.5) | 4 (3.0) | 5 (4.1) |
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College degree | 31 (12.0) | 17 (12.6) | 14 (11.4) |
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1-3 years of college or technical school | 128 (49.6) | 64 (47.4) | 64 (52.0) |
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High school diploma or equivalent | 74 (28.7) | 41 (30.4) | 33 (26.8) |
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Some high school | 16 (6.2) | 9 (6.7) | 7 (5.7) |
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| Parity, n (%) | .02c | ||||||||||
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0 | 112 (43.4) | 63 (46.7) | 49 (39.8) |
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1 | 69 (26.7) | 27 (20.0) | 42 (34.1) |
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2 | 34 (13.2) | 24 (17.8) | 10 (8.1) |
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3+ | 43 (16.7) | 21 (15.6) | 22 (17.9) |
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| Enrollment time, mean (SD) | .70 | ||||||||||
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Pre–COVID-19 (2019-March 2020) | 15 (5.8) | 8 (5.9) | 7 (5.7) |
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COVID-19 (March 2020-March 2021) | 41 (15.9) | 19 (14.1) | 22 (17.9) |
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Post–COVID-19 (April 2021-2023) | 202 (78.3) | 108 (80.0) | 94 (76.4) |
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| Gestational diabetes, n (%) | 19 (7.4) | 9 (6.7) | 10 (8.1) | .68 | |||||||
| Baseline stress, mean (SD) | 9.7 (8.7) | 9.7 (8.9) | 9.3 (8.2) | .69 | |||||||
aComparisons between groups were conducted using chi-square (categorical variables) or linear regression (continuous variables).
bNot applicable.
cP<.05.