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. 2026 Jan 8;13:e74146. doi: 10.2196/74146

Table 2.

Changes in household chaos across gestation (n=258).


Early pregnancy Late pregnancy Change P valuea
Total score, mean (SD) 25.9 (7.4) 26.4 (8.5) 0.49 (8.27) .34
Category, n (%) b .21

Low (<25) 124 (48.1) 128 (49.6)


Moderate-low (25-30) 73 (28.3) 70 (27.1)


Moderate-high (31-35) 36 (14.0) 22 (8.5)


High (36-60) 25 (9.7) 37 (14.3)

Household chaos improved or no change (n=140)

Total score, mean (SD) 27.9 (7.6) 23.4 (6.2) –4.4 (5.0) .01c

Category, n (%) .01c


Low (<25) 49 (35.0) 86 (61.4)



Moderate-low (25-30) 48 (34.3) 40 (28.6)



Moderate-high (31-35) 22 (15.7) 6 (4.3)



High (36-60) 21 (15.0) 8 (5.7)

Household chaos worsened (n=118)

Total score, mean (SD) 23.6 (6.3) 30.0 (9.4) 6.3 (7.4) .01c

Category, n (%) .01c


Low (<25) 75 (63.6) 42 (35.6)



Moderate-low (25-30) 25 (21.2) 30 (25.4)



Moderate-high (31-35) 14 (11.9) 16 (13.6)



High (36-60) 4 (3.4) 29 (24.6)

aComparisons between groups were conducted using the McNemar test (categorical variables) or paired t test (continuous variables).

bNot applicable.

cP<.05.