TABLE 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the trial.

Inclusion Criteria 18–60 years old Chronic low back pain (LBP) for ≥ 12 months Current LBP and not in an acute flare-up Modified Oswestry Disability Questionnaire ≥ 20% ≥ 3 LBP-limited functional activities Able to stand and walk without assistance Able to comprehend and read English and sign a consent form.

Exclusion Criteria BMI > 30 Neurologic disease requiring hospitalization Active cancer LBP etiology other than the lumbar spine Pregnancy LBP-related worker’s compensation, disability or litigation Fibromyalgia Marfan syndrome Graves’ disease Inability to classify LBP Any specific cause of LBP History of spinal fracture or surgery Frank neurological loss Pain or paresthesia below the knee.