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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jan 24.
Published in final edited form as: J Data Sci. 2025 Mar 26;23(4):624–637. doi: 10.6339/25-jds1173

Table 2:

C-index for 100 simulated test datasets in scenario 2 with complex nonlinear fixed effects (standard deviations in brackets).

Frailty Variance Prop. DS CF-Lin CF-Int Cox Cox-Int Cox-FC TM
0 64.42
(0.03)		 66.90
(0.03)		 73.82
(0.24)		 71.89
(0.30)		 73.82
(0.24)		 71.93
(0.40)		 70.66
(0.25)		 77.29
(0.39)
1.5 71.03
(0.05)		 62.96
(0.03)		 68.07
(0.25)		 69.11
(0.27)		 68.51
(0.25)		 68.36
(0.30)		 67.28
(0.27)		 79.12
(0.38)
2.5 74.43
(0.05)		 60.85
(0.04)		 69.67
(0.24)		 63.92
(0.32)		 70.61
(0.24)		 67.47
(0.30)		 62.75
(0.30)		 80.99
(0.37)
3.5 74.67
(0.08)		 59.61
(0.07)		 69.35
(0.24)		 63.78
(0.30)		 70.77
(0.24)		 67.35
(0.30)		 62.39
(0.30)		 75.98
(0.41)

Abbreviations: Prop. (Proposed model), DS (DeepSurv), CF-Lin (Cox frailty with linear effects), CF-Int (Cox frailty with interactions), Cox (Cox proportional hazards model), Cox-Int (Cox model with interactions), Cox-FC (Cox model with fixed clustering effects), TM (True model).