Table 3.
Potential risk factors of hookworm presences in faecal and soil samples
| Faecal samples (n = 71) | Soil samples (n = 300) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dog (n = 31) | Cat (n = 40) | ||||||||||||||
| n | % | 95% CI | OR | p-value | n | % | 95% CI | OR | p-value | n | % | 95% CI | OR | p-value | |
| District | 0.079 | 0.773 | 0.428 | ||||||||||||
| Kuala Lumpur | 0/3 | 0 | 0–56.2.2 | NE | 3/7 | 42.9 | 15.8–75.0 | 1.00* | 3/30 | 10.0 | 3.5–25.6 | 1.00* | |||
| Gombak | - | - | - | - | 4/5 | 80.0 | 37.6–96.4 | 5.33 | 1/30 | 3.3 | 0.6–16.7 | 3.22 | |||
| Hulu Langat | - | - | - | - | 3/5 | 60.0 | 23.1–88.2 | 2.00 | 6/30 | 20.0 | 9.5–37.3 | 0.44 | |||
| Hulu Selangor | 1/1 | 100.0 | 20.7–100 | NE | 3/6 | 50.0 | 18.8–81.2 | 1.33 | 0/30 | 0 | 0–11.4.4 | NE | |||
| Klang | 1/4 | 25.0 | 4.6–69.9 | 1.00* | 2/10 | 20.0 | 5.7–51.0 | 0.33 | 2/30 | 6.7 | 1.8–21.3 | 1.56 | |||
| Kuala Langat | 5/9 | 55.6 | 26.7–81.1 | 0.27 | 2/2 | 100.0 | 34.2–100 | NE | 1/30 | 3.3 | 0.6–16.7 | 3.22 | |||
| Kuala Selangor | 2/2 | 100.0 | 34.2–100 | NE | 2/3 | 66.7 | 20.8–93.9 | 0.38 | 5/30 | 16.7 | 7.3–33.6 | 0.56 | |||
| Petaling | 2/8 | 25.0 | 7.2–59.1 | 1.00 | 2/5 | 40.0 | 11.8–76.9 | 1.13 | 5/30 | 16.7 | 7.3–33.6 | 0.56 | |||
| Sabak Benam | 0/4 | 0 | 0–49.0 | NE | 1/1 | 100.0 | 20.7–100 | NE | 4/30 | 13.3 | 5.3–29.7 | 0.72 | |||
| Sepang | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1/30 | 3.3 | 0.6–16.7 | 3.22 | |||||
| Type of sampling site | 0.112 | 0.025* | < 0.001* | ||||||||||||
| Apartment playground | - | - | - | - | 7/20 | 35.0 | 18.1–56.7 | 1.00* | 0/35 | 0 | 0–9.9.9 | NE | |||
| Beach | 4/7 | 57.1 | 25.1–84.2 | 1.00* | 1/1 | 100.0 | 20.7–100 | NE | 0/15 | 0 | 0–20.4.4 | NE | |||
| Dog friendly park | 0/6 | 0 | 0–39.0 | NE | - | - | - | - | 6/15 | 40.0 | 19.8–64.3 | 1.00* | |||
| Public park | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0/20 | 0 | 0–16.1.1 | NE | |||
| Resident park | 7/18 | 33.9 | 20.3–61.4 | 2.10 | 14/19 | 73.7 | 51.2–99.2 | 0.19 | 22/215 | 10.2 | 6.9–15.0 | 5.85 | |||
| Urbanization | 0.091 | 0.514 | 0.387 | ||||||||||||
| Rural | 7/11 | 63.6 | 35.4–84.8 | 1.00* | 2/2 | 100.0 | 34.2–100 | NE | 7/70 | 10.0 | 4.9–19.2 | 1.00* | |||
| Suburban | 2/9 | 22.2 | 6.3–54.7 | 0.16 | 9/19 | 47.4 | 27.3–68.3 | 1.00* | 12/160 | 7.5 | 4.3–12.7 | 0.73 | |||
| Urban | 2/11 | 18.2 | 5.1–47.7 | 0.13 | 11/19 | 57.9 | 36.3–76.9 | 1.53 | 9/70 | 12.9 | 6.9–22.7 | 1.33 | |||
| Presence of dustbin | 0.004* | 1.000 | 0.682 | ||||||||||||
| Absence | 8/11 | 72.7 | 43.4–90.3 | 1.00* | 14/26 | 53.8 | 35.5–71.2 | 1.00* | 12/155 | 7.7 | 4.5–13.0 | 1.00* | |||
| Presence | 3/20 | 15.0 | 5.2–36.0 | 15.11 | 8/14 | 57.1 | 32.6–78.6 | 0.88 | 16/145 | 11.0 | 6.9–17.2 | 0.68 | |||
| Fencing | 0.066 | 1.000 | 0.755 | ||||||||||||
| Absence | 11/25 | 44.0 | 36.7–62.9 | NE | 21/39 | 53.8 | 38.6–68.4 | NE | 26/35 | 74.3 | 57.9–85.8 | 1.00* | |||
| Presence | 0/6 | 0 | 0–39.0 | NE | 1/1 | 100.0 | 20.7–100 | NE | 2/265 | 0.8 | 0.2–2.7 | 379.89 | |||
*p-value less than 0.05; OR = odd ratio; 1.00* = reference group; NE = not estimable due to zero cell