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. 2025 Jul 8;19(6):1146–1167. doi: 10.1007/s11682-025-01040-7

Table 2.

Mean (SD). Groups are determined by CCC-2 scores (see methods section)

Typical Language Pragmatic Language Difficulties Structural Language Difficulties aCombined Language Difficulties
n 54 20 18 11
Sex 34 M,20 F 16 M,4 F 13 M,5 F 9 M,2 F
Age 9.43 (1.93) 9.95 (1.96) 9.49 (1.82) 9.76 (2.02)
Maternal Education 3.96 (0.93) 3.25 (0.91) 3.61 (0.92) 3.27 (0.79)
CCC-2 structural scores 10.95 (1.67) 6.21 (2.28) 4.68 (1.1) 4.48 (0.96)
CCC-2 pragmatic scored 11.03 (1.62) 4.98 (1.4) 6.71 (2.32) 5.18 (1.36)
Card Sort* 100.95 (16.63) 86.2 (11.14) 88.07 (9.92) 87.11 (11.36)
Flanker* 97.43 (16.01) 91.73 (10.01) 91.41 (10.77) 93.4 (10.73)
Total cognition compositeb,** 106.95 (17.31) 85.25 (11.25) 82.70 (12.75) 85.50 (11.44)

aParticipants in the CLD group were also part of the PLD and SLD groups. Only seven children were unique to SLD and nine children unique to PLD. *TLn = 53, PLDn = 19, and SLDn = 17. **TLn = 45, PLDn = 17, SLDn = 15, CLDn = 10.bThese scores encompassed flanker and card sort scores