Table 2.

Characteristics of five patients with GPA after immunotherapy reported in previous studies

No	Author	Year	Age	Gender	Primary disease	ICI	Symptoms	Duration from ICI to symptom onset (days)	c-ANCA (U/ml)	Diagnostic examination	GPA Treatment	GPA outcome	Cancer treatment after GPA
1	Brom	2016	56	F	Melanoma	Pembrolizumab	Lung nodule Proteinuria Fever and purpura	7	Positive	Biopsy of skin ANCA	PSL pulse and cyclophosphamide	Remission	Not assessed
2	Sibille	2019	64	M	Lung cancer	Pembrolizumab	Muscle pain	10	178	Biopsy of pleura, skin and lung ANCA	PSL pulse	Relapsed after 8 month and treated with PSL	Chemotherapy
3	Nabel	2019	56	M	Urothelial cancer	Pembrolizumab	Lung nodule Fatigue and arthritis	7	204	Biopsy of lung	PSL	Relapsed after 4 months and remission by rituximab	Chemotherapy
4	Hung	2021	66	F	Melanoma	Ipilimumab + nivolumab	Hemoptysis Proteinuria Headache, arthritis and purpura	21	1501	Biopsy of kidney ANCA	PSL pulse, rituximab and infliximab	Remission but suffered from secondary diabetes mellitus and renal failure	Not assessed
5	Ours	2025	75	F	Hepatic cell carcinoma	1. Durvalumab + tremelimumab 2. Atezolizumab + bevacizumab	Mastitis Cough and blood sputum	1. 120 2. 14	76	Biopsy of breast and lung ANCA	PSL	Good response but secondary mycosis	BSC

ICI immune checkpoint inhibitor; GPA granulomatosis with polyangiitis; PSL prednisolone; BSC best supportive care