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. 2025 Jun 23;18(4):841–847. doi: 10.1007/s40653-025-00725-x

Table 2.

Binary logistic regression. Dependent variable = Physical punishment

Variables Exp(B) P-value 95% Confidence Interval for Exp(B)
Parents’ country of birth (0 vs. 1)* 2.92 0.007 1.339 6.347
Parents’ country of birth (0 vs. 2)* 2.15 0.026 1.095 4.205
Family bonds 0.93 0.030 0.878 0.993
Conflict with parents 0.85 0.016 0.739 0.970
Exposure to violent peers 0.95 0.534 0.799 1.123
Unsafe and/or bullied 1.07 0.234 0.958 1.190
Unfair teachers 1.16 0.012 1.033 1.305
Victimised to crime 1.00 0.923 0.902 1.098
Aggression 0.99 0.836 0.901 1.088
ADHD-type signs/symptoms 1.04 0.329 0.957 1.139
Antisocial behaviour 1.08 0.151 0.972 1.202

*0 = Sweden, 1 = Europe, 2 = Country outside Europe

Nagelkerke R Square: 0.20