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. 2025 Jun 24;18(4):925–945. doi: 10.1007/s40653-025-00724-y

Table 2.

Assessment of Heterogeneity and Publication Bias

ELA Exposure Social Cognition Measure Publication Bias Assessment Heterogeneity Assessment
ELA total Emotion Recognition total Fail-Safe N = 11, p < 0.001

Q-test for heterogeneity Q(2) = 1.905, p = 0.386

tau2 = 0.000

I2 = 0.018%

Sexual Abuse Emotion Recognition total Fail-Safe N = 14, p < 0.001

Q-test for heterogeneity: Q(2) = 1.4734, p = 0.479

tau2 = 0.000

I2 = 0.000%

ELA total Theory of Mind total Fail-Safe N = 116, p < 0.001

Q-test for heterogeneity: (Q(2) = 6.769, p = 0.034

tau2 = 0.010

I2 = 49.599%