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. 2025 Oct 28;43(1):317–328. doi: 10.1007/s10815-025-03697-x

Table 3.

Multivariable logistic regression model for prediction of positive ADAM questionnaire score

OR (95%CI) p-value
Age 1.027 (0.970, 1.088) 0.36
BMI (kg/m2)
 ≤ 24.9 Reference
 25–29.9 1.997 (0.883, 4.518) 0.097
 30 +  1.724 (0.632, 4.700) 0.29
Smoking 0.85
 No Reference
 Yes 0.906 (0.328, 2.502)
Alcohol 0.73
 No Reference
 Yes 1.136 (0.555, 2.327)
Log semen volume 0.985 (0.417, 2.325) 0.97
Sperm motility 1.005 (0.961, 1.051) 0.83
Log sperm morphology 1.318 (0.856, 2.030) 0.21
Log sperm concentration 0.974 (0.664, 1.426) 0.89
Sperm viability 0.989 (0.959, 1.020) 0.50
DFI category 0.58
 < 30% Reference
 ≥ 30% 0.786 (0.337, 1.832)
SHIM
 Normal Reference
 Mild 3.926 (1.768, 8.718)  < 0.001
 Moderate/severe 11.632 (3.804, 35.564)  < 0.001
Testosterone 0.961 (0.901, 1.025) 0.23
Log FSH 1.241 (0.491, 3.135) 0.65
Log LH 2.350 (0.686, 8.044) 0.17
Log prolactin 1.935 (0.883, 4.242) 0.099

DFI, DNA fragmentation index; BMI, body mass index; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; ADAM, The Androgen Deficiency in Aging Males; SHIM, The Sexual Health Inventory for Men

Bold values represent statistical significancy - a p-value <0.05