Table 1.
Comparison of nutritional markers and risk factors among pupils eating school dinners and meals from home
|
Mean*(SD)
|
Mean (95% CI) difference (school dinner - home meal)
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular risk factor | School dinner (n=465) | Home meal (n=647) | Model 1* | Model 2† |
| Age (years) | 15.1 (0.8) | 15.0 (0.9) | 0.1 (−0.0 to 0.1) | 0.1 (−0.0 to 0.1) |
| Height (cm) | 167.1 (0.3) | 166.7 (0.3) | 0.4 (−0.5 to 1.2) | 0.4 (−0.5 to 1.3) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 20.8 (4.2) | 21.1 (4.3) | −0.3 (−0.7 to 0.2) | −0.2 (−0.7 to 0.3) |
| Sum of skinfolds (mm) | 24.8 (6.4) | 25.4 (6.8) | −0.5 (−1.2 to 0.1) | −0.5 (−1.1 to 0.2) |
| Body fat (%) | 25.5 (7.0) | 26.2 (7.3) | −0.7 (−1.5 to 0.0) | −0.6 (−1.4 to 0.1) |
| Waist circumference (cm)‡ | 69.3 | 69.9 | −0.8% (−2.3% to 0.7%) | −0.5% (−2.0% to 1.0%) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 119.7 (14.5) | 121.6 (15.0) | −1.9 (−3.6 to −0.3)§ | −1.6 (−3.3 to 0.1) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 66.8 (9.2) | 67.6 (9.8) | −0.7 (−1.6 to 0.2) | −0.6 (−1.6 to 0.3) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.18 (0.84) | 4.23 (0.89) | −0.05 (−0.13 to 0.04) | −0.04 (−0.13 to 0.05) |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.27 (0.71) | 2.34 (0.74) | −0.07 (−0.15 to 0.00) | −0.06 (−0.14 to 0.01) |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.48 (0.33) | 1.45 (0.33) | 0.04 (0.00. to 0.07) | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.08)§ |
| Total:HDL cholesterol ratio | 2.91 (0.81) | 3.03 (0.83) | −0.12 (−0.21 to −0.02)§ | −0.13 (−0.22 to −0.04)¶ |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l)‡ | 0.92 | 0.94 | −2.4% (−6.8% to 2.1%) | −3.5% (−7.8% to 1.0%) |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 5.04 (0.60) | 5.10 (0.66) | −0.07 (−0.12 to −0.02)§ | −0.07 (−0.13 to −0.02)¶ |
| Insulin (mU/l)‡ | 8.65 | 9.28 | −6.8% (−12.0% to −1.3%)§ | −6.7% (−11.9% to −1.2%)§ |
| Leptin (ng/ml)‡ | 5.79 | 6.71 | −13.6% (−22.1% to −4.3%)¶ | −13.0% (−21.7% to −3.5%)¶ |
| Vitamin C (μmol/l) | 50.6 (33.0) | 52.4 (36.9) | −1.8 (−4.4 to 0.8) | −1.3 (−3.9 to 1.4) |
| Folate (μmol/l)‡ | 13.3 | 14.9 | −10.8% (−16.6% to −4.7%)¶ | −9.7% (−15.7% to −3.4%)¶ |
HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein.
*
Means and mean differences (model 1) adjusted for age, sex, town, ethnicity, and school (fitted as a random effect).
†
Mean differences (model 2) adjusted for factors in model 1 and for parental occupation.
‡
Geometric means and percentage differences.
§
P<0.05.
¶
P<0.01.