Table 4.

Multiple regression analysis predicting leadership competency by gender (N = 260).

Both male and female						Male					Female
Predictor	B	β	T-test	p-value	Bootstrap 95% CI	B	β	T-test	p-value	Bootstrap 95% CI	B	β	T-test	p-value	Bootstrap 95% CI
Gender (female)	−48.86	−0.638	−11.306	<0.001	[40.47, 56.76]	–	–	–	–	–	––	–	––	–	–
Academic year (senior)	16.69	0.302	−5.242	<0.001	[9.95, 23.23]	19.696	0.275	2.831	0.005	[7.077, 33.977]	25.379	0.244	2.754	0.007	[7.001, 44.952]
GPA	5.034	0.083	1.729	0.085	[−0.99, 11.20]	0.763	0.015	0.181	0.857	[−7.968, 9.57]	6.238	0.128	1.673	0.097	[−1.973, 13.632]
Age	3.282	0.077	1.355	0.177	[−1.62, 7.90]	7.096	0.223	2.298	0.023	[0.866, 14.43]	−4.957	−0.13	−1.617	0.108	[−11.171, 0.735]
Emotional intelligence	0.093	0.068	1.224	0.222	[−0.12, 0.29]	0.283	0.239	2.949	0.004	[−0.015, 0.553]	−0.051	−0.037	−0.484	0.63	[−0.346, 0.191]
Self-esteem	0.191	0.025	0.497	0.619	[−0.75, 1.28]	−1.782	−0.315	−3.869	<0.001	[−2.734, −0.703]	2.269	0.293	3.5	0.001	[0.327, 4.317]
Constant	143.912	–	3.052	0.003	[58.37, 230.91]	22.497	–	0.366	0.715	[−109.254, 136.599]	110.694	–	1.564	0.12	[−26.739, 262.213]
EI × Gender	−0.37	−0.12	−2.34	0.020	[−0.78, 0.03]
Model fit	R2 = 0.427, Adj. R2 = 0.413, F(6,253) = 31.39, p < 0.001					R2 = 0.229, Adj. R2 = 0.197, F(7.24), p < 0.001					R2 = 0.299, Adj. R2 = 0.271, F(10.76), p < 0.001

Variance inflation factors (VIF) ranged from 1.0 to 1.5 across all models, confirming absence of problematic multicollinearity. Bootstrap confidence intervals (5,000 iterations) validated parameter estimates. The gender-stratified models reveal fundamentally divergent pathways: males leverage emotional intelligence (β = 0.239) while experiencing self-esteem suppression (β = −0.315), whereas females rely exclusively on self-esteem (β = 0.293) with no benefit from emotional intelligence (β = −0.037).