Table 3.

Regression results for all mental health outcomes.

N = 608	PHQ-8a		GAD-7a		K10a		PCL-5a		CC-MMDSa
Predictor	β [95%-CI]	P	β [95%-CI]	P	β [95%-CI]	P	β [95%-CI]	P	β [95%-CI]	P
(Intercept)	−0.18 [−0.57–0.20]	0.350	−0.48 [−0.87–−0.10]	0.013*	−0.50 [−0.88–−0.11]	0.011*	−0.51 [−0.88–−0.13]	0.008*	−0.96 [−1.32–−0.60]	<0.001*
Age	−0.01 [−0.01–0.00]	0.183	0.00 [−0.01–0.01]	0.623	0.00 [−0.01–0.01]	0.574	0.00 [−0.01–0.01]	0.879	0.01 [0.01–0.02]	<0.001*
Female	0.11 [−0.07–0.29]	0.226	0.10 [−0.07–0.28]	0.251	0.12 [−0.06–0.30]	0.190	0.24 [0.06–0.41]	0.008*	−0.00 [−0.17–0.16]	0.963
No higher education	−0.05 [−0.23–0.12]	0.554	−0.11 [−0.28–0.07]	0.221	−0.11 [−0.29–0.06]	0.203	−0.08 [−0.25–0.09]	0.376	−0.13 [−0.29–0.04]	0.123
Unemployed	0.11 [−0.10–0.32]	0.289	−0.02 [−0.23–0.19]	0.846	0.01 [−0.20–0.22]	0.924	−0.15 [−0.36–0.05]	0.144	−0.27 [−0.47–−0.07]	0.007*
Lower income	0.11 [−0.08–0.30]	0.249	0.11 [−0.08–0.30]	0.248	0.07 [−0.12–0.26]	0.469	0.04 [−0.15–0.22]	0.694	0.15 [−0.03–0.33]	0.104
Urban	0.18 [0.01–0.34]	0.039*	0.07 [−0.10–0.23]	0.441	0.18 [0.01–0.34]	0.037*	0.11 [−0.05–0.28]	0.175	−0.02 [−0.18–0.14]	0.794
Region
Erbil	0.03 [−0.17–0.23]	0.763	0.37 [0.17–0.57]	<0.001*	0.39 [0.19–0.58]	<0.001*	0.46 [0.26–0.65]	<0.001*	0.83 [0.64–1.02]	<0.001*
Sulaymaniyah	−0.01 [−0.22–0.19]	0.895	0.33 [0.13–0.53]	0.001*	0.18 [−0.02–0.38]	0.079	0.08 [−0.12–0.27]	0.440	0.56 [0.37–0.75]	<0.001*
Experienced C. Events	0.13 [−0.05–0.30]	0.150	0.07 [−0.11–0.24]	0.454	0.09 [−0.08–0.26]	0.307	0.23 [0.06–0.40]	0.008*	0.11 [−0.05–0.28]	0.181
Experienced C. Homelessness	0.38 [0.08–0.69]	0.014*	0.42 [0.11–0.72]	0.007*	0.32 [0.01–0.62]	0.042*	0.39 [0.09–0.69]	0.010*	0.25 [−0.04–0.54]	0.087
R2/R2 adjusted	0.040/0.024		0.049/0.033		0.053/0.037		0.090/0.074		0.152/0.137

^aTotal score of the outcome variable was standardized (z-score) prior to analysis.

The table presents estimates (β), confidence intervals (CI), and p-values from the chosen multiple regression model (Model 4) for all mental health outcomes. Bold values with an asterisk (*) indicate statistically significant results (p < 0.05). Predictors include demographic variables, socioeconomic status, geographic factors, and climate-related stressors. The dummy variables were coded as follows: gender (0 = male, 1 = female); higher education (0 = yes, 1 = no); employment (0 = employed, 1 = unemployed); income (0 = higher (defined as >1,000,000 IQD), 1 = lower); region (0 = Duhok, 1 = Erbil) and (0 = Duhok, 1 = Sulaymaniyah); area (0 = rural, 1 = urban); climate-related events (0 = no, 1 = yes); and climate-related homelessness (0 = no, 1 = yes).