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. 2026 Jan 13;13:1754424. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1754424

Table 2.

Basic descriptive statistics for SPP-25, UWES, GSES, PSS-10, and Mini-COPE (n = 150).

Dependent variable M Me SD Sk. Kurt. Min. Max. W p
Overall resilience (SPP-25) 64.95 66.00 22.95 −0.49 −0.90 16.00 99.00 0.94 <0.001
Persistence and determination 13.08 14.00 4.68 −0.34 −1.20 5.00 20.00 0.92 <0.001
Openness to new experiences and sense of humour 12.85 13.00 4.59 −0.51 −0.78 3.00 20.00 0.94 <0.001
Personal coping skills and tolerance of negative emotions 13.10 14.00 4.76 −0.66 −0.51 2.00 20.00 0.92 <0.001
Tolerance of failure and treating life as a challenge 12.92 13.00 4.81 −0.43 −0.78 2.00 20.00 0.95 <0.001
Optimistic attitude towards life and the ability to summon resources in difficult situations 13.01 14.00 4.66 −0.45 −0.79 2.00 20.00 0.94 <0.001
Overall work engagement (UWES) 3.52 3.94 1.43 −0.32 −1.35 1.06 5.71 0.91 <0.001
Vigour 3.53 3.83 1.44 −0.25 −1.31 1.00 6.00 0.92 <0.001
Dedication 3.50 4.00 1.43 −0.29 −1.32 1.00 5.60 0.91 <0.001
Absorption 3.52 4.00 1.43 −0.38 −1.32 0.83 5.50 0.90 <0.001
Self-efficacy (GSES) 27.60 27.00 5.43 −0.44 −0.14 14.00 38.00 0.96 <0.001
Level of perceived stress (PSS-10) 22.31 22.00 7.28 −0.10 −0.97 8.00 34.00 0.96 <0.001
Coping strategies (Mini-COPE)
Active coping 1.60 1.50 0.53 0.46 −0.07 0.50 3.00 0.91 <0.001
Planning 1.80 1.50 0.59 −0.13 −1.21 0.50 2.50 0.86 <0.001
Positive reframing 1.63 1.50 0.60 −0.33 −0.34 0.00 2.50 0.92 <0.001
Acceptance 1.62 1.50 0.61 0.06 −0.28 0.50 3.00 0.93 <0.001
Sense of humour 1.78 2.00 0.57 0.09 −0.53 0.50 3.00 0.93 <0.001
Turning to religion 1.57 1.50 0.63 0.21 −0.76 0.50 3.00 0.92 <0.001
Seeking emotional support 1.87 2.00 0.66 −0.43 0.38 0.00 3.00 0.93 <0.001
Seeking instrumental support 1.74 1.50 0.60 −0.37 0.20 0.00 3.00 0.92 <0.001
Self-distraction 1.63 1.50 0.48 0.23 −0.91 1.00 2.50 0.87 <0.001
Denial 1.52 1.50 0.51 0.14 −0.54 0.50 2.50 0.91 <0.001
Venting 1.54 1.50 0.55 0.70 0.23 0.50 3.00 0.88 <0.001
Substance use 1.56 1.75 0.77 −0.31 −0.56 0.00 3.00 0.93 <0.001
Behavioural disengagement 1.63 1.50 0.62 0.23 −0.47 0.50 3.00 0.93 <0.001
Self-blame 1.62 1.50 0.63 0.19 −0.92 0.50 3.00 0.91 <0.001

M, arithmetic mean; Me, median; SD, standard deviation; Sk., skewness; Kurt., kurtosis; Min., minimum value; Max., maximum value; W, Shapiro–Wilk test result; p, p-value for the Shapiro–Wilk test.