Table 2.
Differences between the classes: demographic characteristics, gambling risk variables, well-being and suicidality of the five latent classes at wave 1 (n = 3927)
| Characteristic | Class 1 In-person: sports and horses (n = 548), n (%) |
Class 2 Online: sports and horses (n = 2756), n (%) |
Class 3 Online and in-person: sports and horses (n = 153), n (%) |
Class 4 Online: all activities (n = 272), n (%) |
Class 5 Online and in-person: all activities (n = 198), n (%) |
Total sample (n = 3927), n (%) |
χ 2 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age | 275.902 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 18–34 years | 21 (6.5) | 463 (27.8) | 10 (11.2) | 42 (26.0) | 65 (43.2) | 601 (25.4) | ||
| 35–54 years | 159 (32.8) | 1192 (42.0) | 63 (43.7) | 140 (49.3) | 95 (43.1) | 1649 (41.6) | ||
| 55+ years | 368 (60.7) | 1101 (30.1) | 80 (45.1) | 90 (24.6) | 38 (13.7) | 1677 (33.0) | ||
| Gender (male) | 444 (81.0) | 2171 (78.8) | 145 (94.8) | 213 (78.3) | 156 (78.8) | 3129 (79.7) | 23.942 | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity (White) | 531 (96.7) | 2647 (95.9) | 145 (94.9) | 265 (97.5) | 162 (81.0) | 3750 (95.3) | 112.694 | <0.001 |
| Employment | 159.118 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Employed | 268 (52.4) | 1957 (74.4) | 99 (66.7) | 194 (73.0) | 174 (87.6) | 2692 (72.1) | ||
| Retired | 194 (31.8) | 534 (14.5) | 31 (17.1) | 35 (9.5) | 8 (3.9) | 802 (15.9) | ||
| Unemployed/other | 86 (15.8) | 265 (11.1) | 23 (16.2) | 43 (17.5) | 16 (8.5) | 433 (12.2) | ||
| Education (higher) | 177 (43.6) | 1499 (72.6) | 45 (41.1) | 129 (66.3) | 110 (70.7) | 1960 (67.6) | 149.627 | <0.001 |
| Social grade (lower) | 265 (48.5) | 778 (29.2) | 61 (41.8) | 87 (33.4) | 52 (28.3) | 1234 (32.2) | 75.841 | <0.001 |
| Home-owner | 319 (60.3) | 1777 (64.8) | 94 (63.6) | 159 (55.4) | 108 (57.7) | 2457 (63.8) | 17.989 | <0.001 |
| Married or cohabiting | 375 (68.1) | 1830 (63.7) | 120 (65.8) | 155 (53.3) | 139 (68.2) | 2601 (63.8) | 19.211 | <0.001 |
| Health problems | 185 (33.2) | 551 (19.2) | 42 (28.6) | 61 (22.5) | 83 (44.4) | 922 (22.9) | 109.343 | <0.001 |
| Gambling variables | ||||||||
| PGSI a (moderate/high-risk gambler) | 60 (11.6) | 247 (10.4) | 31 (22.0) | 101 (41.6) | 123 (65.8) | 562 (16.3) | 604.423 | <0.001 |
| Gambling harm (yes) | 21 (4.1) | 59 (2.7) | 13 (8.9) | 39 (13.7) | 85 (45.1) | 217 (6.2) | 656.604 | <0.001 |
| Time spent (daily) | 1145.928 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Less than 30 min | 163 (29.6) | 1168 (46.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1448 (36.6) | ||
| 30 min to 3 h | 285 (51.4) | 1168 (42.4) | 79 (50.6) | 109 (41.5) | 26 (12.5) | 1667 (42.0) | ||
| 3 h+ | 100 (19.0) | 304 (11.5) | 74 (49.4) | 162 (58.1) | 172 (87.5) | 812 (21.4) | ||
| Amount spent | 491.012 | <0.001 | ||||||
| £0–50 | 179 (32.7) | 1196 (45.2) | 12 (8.6) | 37 (15.2) | 22 (11.5) | 1446 (38.4) | ||
| £51–250 | 245 (45.6) | 1133 (40.8) | 68 (44.3) | 96 (35.3) | 68 (34.0) | 1610 (40.7) | ||
| £251+ | 548 (21.7) | 426 (14.0) | 73 (47.1) | 272 (49.5) | 198 (54.5) | 870 (21.0) | ||
| Number of activities undertaken fortnightly or more b | F = 1891.22; d.f. 4. | <0.001 | ||||||
| Mean (s.d.) | 2.7 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.0) | 5.0 (1.1) | 4.3 91.2) | 7.7 (2.2) | 2.4 (2.0) | ||
| Alcohol use (AUDIT-C) | ||||||||
| Increasing and/or higher-risk drinking | 314 (59.0) | 1523 (57.1) | 105 (68.9) | 155 (59.0) | 130 (68.5) | 2227 (58.5) | 16.53521 | 0.002 |
| Well-being c | 54.352 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Low | 176 (33.8) | 944 (36.6) | 59 (39.6) | 122 (50.3) | 92 (47.1) | 1393 (38.0) | ||
| Moderate | 266 (48.2) | 1429 (51.1) | 62 (39.2) | 120 (41.5) | 76 (38.6) | 1953 (48.9) | ||
| High | 100 (18.0) | 372 (12.3) | 32 (21.2) | 27 (8.2) | 30 (14.3) | 561 (13.1) | ||
| Suicidality (3 months) | ||||||||
| Suicidal ideation | 49 (10.5) | 306 (12.8) | 16 (11.5) | 32 (13.0) | 47 (27.5) | 450 (13.2) | 38.834 | <0.001 |
| Suicide attempt | 5 (1.1) | 9 (0.6) | 2 (1.5) | 6 (2.4) | 31 (18.5) | 53 (1.7) | 337.956 | <0.001 |
PGSI, Problem Gambling Severity Index; AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Consumption.
a.
Has gambling/betting caused any difficulties with your finances, relationships or mental/physical health?
b.
Variation in the means tested using analysis of variance.
c.
Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale: low, 7–20; moderate, 21–27; high, 28+.