Table 3.
Validity of self-report using medical records as reference standard, Birth Defects Study To Evaluate Pregnancy exposureS (BD-STEPS), 2018 (n=184)
| Sensitivity | Specificity | PPVa | NPVb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | |
| Medication Use Groupsc | ||||||||
| Used episodically | 50.9 | (38, 64) | 86.6 | (81, 93) | 63.0 | (49, 77) | 79.7 | (73, 86) |
| Used chronically | 88.9 | (77, 100) | 93.6 | (90, 97) | 70.6 | (55, 86) | 98.0 | (96, 100) |
| Therapeutic Class | ||||||||
| Antidiabetics | 62.5 | (29, 96) | 98.3 | (96, 100) | 62.5 | (29, 96) | 98.3 | (96, 100) |
| Antiemetics | 50.0 | (29, 71) | 98.8 | (97, 100) | 84.6 | (65, 100) | 93.6 | (90, 97) |
| Antiepileptics | 66.7 | (13, 100) | 99.5 | (98, 100) | 66.7 | (13, 100) | 99.5 | (98, 100) |
| Antihypertensives | 100.0 | -- | 100.0 | -- | 100.0 | -- | 100.0 | -- |
| Anti-infectives | 36.1 | (20, 52) | 92.6 | (88, 97) | 54.2 | (34, 74) | 85.6 | (80, 91) |
| Asthma medications | 28.6 | (0, 62) | 97.7 | (96, 100) | 33.3 | (0, 71) | 97.2 | (95, 100) |
| Fertility-related medications | 50.0 | (27, 73) | 95.2 | (92, 98) | 52.9 | (29, 77) | 94.6 | (92, 98) |
| Migraine medications | 66.7 | (13, 100) | 97.8 | (96, 100) | 33.3 | (0, 72) | 99.4 | (98, 100) |
| Opioid analgesics | 25.0 | (0, 67) | 97.8 | (96, 100) | 20.0 | (0, 55) | 98.3 | (96, 100) |
| Psychotherapeutics | 100.0 | -- | 98.3 | (96, 100) | 75.0 | (51, 100) | 100.0 | -- |
| Sleep aid medications | 100.0 | -- | 100.0 | -- | 100.0 | -- | 100.0 | -- |
| Thyroid medications | 88.9 | (68, 100 | 99.4 | (98, 100) | 88.9 | (68, 100) | 99.4 | (98, 100) |
CI=confidence interval; PPV=positive predictive value; NPV=negative predictive value
Equivalent to the sensitivity of medical records using self-report as the reference standard.
Equivalent to the specificity of medical records using self-report as the reference standard.
Episodic use includes antiemetics, anti-infectives, migraine medications, opioid analgesics, sleep aid medications and other medications not in a therapeutic group but are used for a short duration (for example, prednisone for an allergic reaction). Chronic use includes antidiabetics, antiepileptics, antihypertensives, psychotherapeutics, thyroid medications, and other medications not in a therapeutic group that are used chronically (for example, simvastatin).