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. 2026 Jan 16;15(1):115. doi: 10.3390/antiox15010115
α-SMA Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin
APC Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
AKT Protein Kinase B
ATCC American Type Culture Collection
ATP Adenosine Triphosphate
Axin1 Axis Inhibition Protein 1
Axin2 Axis Inhibition Protein 2
bFGF Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor
Bmi1 B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1
β-catenin Beta catenin
CASP8 Caspase 8
CDKN1A Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1A
CDKN2A Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A
CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
Ct Cycle Threshold
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide
DMEM Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DVL Dishevelled Protein Family (Dvl1, Dvl2, Dvl3)
ECM Extracellular Matrix
FBS Fetal Bovine Serum
GAPDH Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
GSK3β Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta
HaCaT Human Keratinocyte Cell Line
HAS2 Hyaluronan Synthase 2
HDF Human Dermal Fibroblast
HFF1 Human Foreskin Fibroblast 1
HIPK2 Homeodomain Interacting Protein Kinase 2
HRMS High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
Hsp70 Heat Shock Protein 70
HSC Hematopoietic Stem Cell
IL-1β Interleukin 1 Beta
MAPK Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase
MMP Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-3)
MSCs Mesenchymal Stem Cells
MTT MTT Cell Viability Assay
NLRP3 NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3
NF-κB Nuclear Factor Kappa B
Nrf2 Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2 related Factor 2
OD Optical Density
PBS Phosphate-Buffered Saline
PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
PI3K Phosphoinositide 3 Kinase
PPARγ Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma
p16 Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A
p21 Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1A
p53 Tumor Protein 53
PTEN Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog
RNA Ribonucleic Acid
ROS Reactive Oxygen Species
RT-qPCR Real Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction
SIRT Sirtuin Protein Family (SIRT1, SIRT3, SIRT6)
SSCs Skin Stem Cells
TGF-β1 Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1
TERT Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase
UV Ultraviolet
UVB Ultraviolet B
UVC Ultraviolet C
VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
WNT Wingless Type Signaling Proteins (Wnt3a, Wnt5a, Wnt7b, Wnt16)