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. 2026 Jan 26;21:25. doi: 10.1186/s13023-025-04166-5

Table 3.

Adjusted rate ratios for healthcare utilization within the NF1 cohort (n = 1,210)

Covariates ED Visits
RR (95% CI)
Hospitalizations
RR (95% CI)
Same-day surgery
RR (95% CI)
Primary Care visits
RR (95% CI)
Any Specialist Visits
RR (95% CI)
Age 0.99 (0.98–0.99) 0.98 (0.98–0.98) 1.02 (1.02–1.03) 1.01 (1.01–1.01) 0.99 (0.98–0.99)
Female (vs. Male) 1.05 (0.93–1.18) 0.99 (0.89–1.11) 1.07 (0.93–1.24) 1.18 (1.08–1.29) 1.05 (0.97–1.13)
Area Income Quantile (Q)
Q 2 vs. 1 0.78 (0.65–0.94) 0.88 (0.74–1.05) 1.03 (0.82–1.29) 0.90 (0.79–1.03) 1.00 (0.89–1.13)
Q 3 vs. 1 0.68 (0.56–0.83) 0.87 (0.72–1.04) 1.11 (0.88–1.40) 0.99 (0.86–1.14) 1.01 (0.89–1.14)
Q 4 vs. 1 0.69 (0.58–0.83) 0.86 (0.73–1.03) 1.06 (0.84–1.33) 0.89 (0.78–1.02) 1.00 (0.89–1.13)
Q 5 vs. 1 0.56 (0.47–0.68) 0.82 (0.69–0.98) 1.07 (0.86–1.35) 0.80 (0.70–0.91) 0.98 (0.87–1.11)
Rural (vs. urban) 1.82 (1.40–2.36) 1.15 (0.90–1.47) 1.15 (0.84–1.58) 0.73 (0.60–0.89) 0.78 (0.66–0.93)
ADG score weighted 1.03 (1.02–1.03) 1.04 (1.03–1.04) 1.02 (1.02–1.03) 1.01 (1.00-1.01) 1.03 (1.02–1.03)

RR: rate ratio. Bolded values are those with significant difference in rate ratios

Area Income Quantile: Q1 having the lowest and Q5 the highest income