Table 4.

Key Genetic Variants in Allergic Rhinitis Susceptibility

Gene/Locus	Variant/SNP	Function/Association Description	Reference
ZNF608	Not specified	A key risk gene for house dust mite-induced AR	80
Near CD28	Not specified	Novel locus specific to East Asian populations	81, 82
9q32	Not specified	Novel pleiotropic region	81, 82
10q25.2	Not specified	Novel pleiotropic region	81, 82
CLEC16A	Not specified	Variants confer a decreased risk of AR, playing a protective role	83
Multiple Genes	Not specified	AR shares over 100 risk genes with asthma and eczema	78
Not specified	rs9565267	Associated with the specific trajectory from atopic dermatitis (AD) to AR development	84
HLA region	Not specified	AR is a causal risk factor for food allergy, linked through shared loci in the HLA region	85
GSDMB	Not specified	Gene polymorphisms show a stronger association with asthma and asthma-comorbid AR than with AR alone	79
HLA region	Not specified	One of the strongest susceptibility loci for AR	86
HLA-DQB1, HLA-B	Amino acid variants	Risk signal directly correlated with specific amino acid variants in the peptide-binding pocket, affecting allergen presentation efficiency	86
HLA region	rs7775228	Significantly associated with AR risk in Chinese Han population, with the risk allele linked to increased total serum IgE levels	87
HLA, TYRO3	Not specified	Interaction explored to comprehensively understand the pathogenic mechanism of AR	88
FLG	Loss-of-function (LoF) mutations	The strongest genetic risk factor for AD; increases risk of subsequent AR and asthma by disrupting barrier integrity	89
FLG	Not specified	Mutations primarily lead to early eczema, promoting aeroallergen sensitization, ultimately causing AR and asthma	90
FLG	Not specified	May have a direct effect on rhinitis at age 10 independent of eczema, suggesting a potential role in the nasal mucosal barrier	90
FLG	Not specified	Common LoF mutations in European populations	91
FLG	Not specified	Extremely rare and not significantly associated with disease in Turkish children	92
FLG	Specific mutations	Specific mutation types identified in African American and Saudi populations, associated with AR and other allergic diseases	89, 93
FLG	Not specified	Poor maternal diet during pregnancy confers a risk comparable to the genetic risk of carrying FLG mutations, highlighting the key role of impaired epithelial barrier function	94
TSLP	rs3806933	Significantly associated with AR risk in Korean population; a key genetic risk driving the "atopic march"	98
TSLP	rs2289277	The risk allele [C] significantly increases the likelihood of developing multiple concurrent allergic diseases	99
TLR3	Not specified	Variants directly associated with aeroallergen sensitization; TLR3 signaling can induce TSLP expression	100
IL4R	I50V (rs1805010), Q576R (rs1801275)	Functional missense mutations significantly associated with atopy risk	97
IL4R	rs1801275	Interaction with allergy history analyzed in the context of allergy and childhood leukemia	101
FLG, IL4R	rs3024676	FLG LoF mutations significantly increase the risk of allergic sensitization only in individuals homozygous for the IL4R SNP rs3024676	102
STAT6	rs324011	TT homozygous genotype significantly associated with increased risk of allergic asthma and elevated total serum IgE levels	96
IL33, IL1RL1	Rare variants	Exome sequencing identifies this region as one of the strongest gene clusters associated with asthma and allergy	95
IL33	rs1342326	Variant genotype significantly associated with AR risk in school-aged children, adjusted OR=3.23	103
IL33	rs4742170	The risk 'T' allele disrupts the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding site, weakening its suppression of IL33 expression	104
TSLP, IL-33	Not specified	Both play roles in allergic inflammation; TSLP is an important upstream regulator of IL-13	105
FCER1G	rs36233990	Significantly enriched in patients with AR comorbid with asthma, directly linking genetic variation to the core effector phase of AR	106