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. 2026 Jan 14;15(2):148. doi: 10.3390/cells15020148
LBP Low Back Pain
IDD Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
US United States
UK United Kingdom
MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
ODI Oswestry Disability Index
VAS Visual Analogue Scale
NRS Numeric Rating Scale
HRT Hormonal Replacement Therapy
BMD Bone Mineral Density
LSS Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
ALP Bone Formation Marker
u-NTx Bone Resorption Marker
IL6 Interleukin-6
CRP C-reactive Protein
BMI Body Mass Index
LH Luteinizing Hormone
FSH Follicle-stimulating Hormone
VCD 4-Vinylcyclohexene Diepoxide