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. 2026 Jan 1;14(1):89. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines14010089
α-SMA Alpha-smooth muscle actin
ANOVA Analysis of variance
CAP Cold atmospheric plasma
CD34 Cluster of differentiation 34
CHG Chlorhexidine gluconate group
DAB 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine
EBM Extracellular basement membrane
ECM Extracellular matrix
EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
FGF-2 Fibroblast growth factor 2
H&E Hematoxylin and eosin
HRP Horseradish peroxidase
ILK Integrin-linked kinase
IHC Immunohistochemistry
Ki67 Proliferation marker Ki-67
NTAP Non-thermal atmospheric plasma
NTAPG Non-thermal atmospheric plasma-treated group
OD Optical density
PBS Phosphate-buffered saline
PDL Periodontal ligament
ROS/RNS Reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species
SCG Saline control group
TGF-β Transforming growth factor beta
VEGF-A Vascular endothelial growth factor A