Secure Signal Encryption in IoT and 5G/6G Networks via Bio-Inspired Optimization of Sprott Chaotic Oscillator Synchronization

. 2025 Dec 26;28(1):30. doi: 10.3390/e28010030

Algorithm 3 Penguin Foraging Strategy (PeSOA)

1:
Randomly initialize a population P divided into several groups
2:
Assign an oxygen reserve $O (p_{i}) > 0$ to each penguin $p_{i}$
3:
Set global best solution G
4:
for each $p_{i} \in P$ with $O (p_{i}) > 0$ do
5:
$D_{new} \leftarrow D_{last} + rand () \cdot | X_{LocalBest} - X_{LocalLast} |$
6:
Evaluate $f (D_{new})$ and update $O (p_{i}) \leftarrow O (p_{i}) - 1$
7:
if $f (D_{new}) > f (X_{LocalBest})$ then
8:
$X_{LocalBest} \leftarrow D_{new}$
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else if $f (X_{LocalBest}) > f (G)$ then
10:
$G \leftarrow X_{LocalBest}$
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end if
12:
end for
13:
if oxygen depleted or maximum iterations reached then
14:
Stop
15:
end if