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. 2026 Jan 5;14(1):33. doi: 10.3390/dj14010033
PPA Parental Presence/Absence
PAP Parental Active Presence
PPP Parental Passive Presence
PPAT Parental Presence/Absence Technique
RCT Randomized Controlled Trial
M/F Male/Female
P/A Parent Present/Absent
NI Not Informed
HR Heart Rate
LA Local Anaesthesia
MDAS Modified Dental Anxiety Scale
CFSS-DS Children’s Fear Survey Schedule—Dental Subscale
VAS Venham Anxiety Scale
Frankl Frankl Behaviour Rating Scale
WBFPS Wong–Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale
FIS Facial Image Scale
ACDAS Abeer Children’s Dental Anxiety Scale
IQ Intelligence Quotient
JBI Joanna Briggs Institute
PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses