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. 2026 Jan 6;27(2):581. doi: 10.3390/ijms27020581
ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
ADMET Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, Toxicity
BBB blood–brain barrier
BSA bovine serum albumin
Caco-2 human colorectal cancer cell line
Clint Clearance
cAMP 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CYP cytochrome
DA dopamine
DCM dichloromethane
DTLs dual-target ligands
DX doxorubicin
ER efflux ratio
FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide
FC flash chromatography
HepG2 human liver cancer cell line
H3R histamine H3 receptor
hH3R human histamine H3 receptor
hMAO-A human monoamine oxidase A
hMAO-B human monoamine oxidase B
KE ketoconazole
MAO-B monoamine oxidase B
MLMs mouse liver microsomes
MM-GBSA Molecular Mechanics–Generalized Born Surface Area
NC negative controls; untreated control
PAMPA Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay
Papp permeability coefficient
PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
PBS phosphate-buffered saline
PC positive control
PD Parkinson’s Disease
PEA β-phenylethylamine
PFA paraformaldehyde
RLMs rat liver microsomes
RMSD Root Mean Square Deviation
ROS reactive oxygen species
RT residence time
SAF Safinamide
SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line
SPRM Surface Plasmon Resonance Microscopy
QD quinidine