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. 2026 Jan 8;27(2):636. doi: 10.3390/ijms27020636
HA Hydroxyapatite
CDHA Calcium-Deficient Hydroxyapatite
3DPHA 3D-Printed Hydroxyapatite
PVA Polyvinyl Alcohol
ACP Amorphous Calcium Phosphate
SLA Stereolithography
FDM Fused Deposition Modelling
XRD X-ray Diffraction
FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy
EDS Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy
Ca/P Calcium/Phosphate Ratio
ICP-OES Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry
ICP-MS Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
MDD Maximum Daily Dose
PDE Permitted Daily Exposure
MEM Minimum Essential Medium
α-MEM Minimum Essential Medium Eagle—Alpha Modification
DMEM Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium
MTT 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide
MTS 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-Carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-Sulfophenyl)-2H-Tetrazolium
ALP Alkaline Phosphatase
BM-MSCs Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
RHE Reconstructed Human Epidermis
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide
PBS Phosphate-Buffered Saline
OD Optical Density
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
RPMI Roswell Park Memorial Institute
DNCB 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene
LA Lactic Acid
SDS Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
PI Propidium Iodide
MI Mutagenic Index