| MIS | Minimally invasive |
| TLIF | Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion |
| SA | Spinal anesthesia |
| GA | General anesthesia |
| PSM | Propensity score matching |
| OR | Operating room |
| MME | Morphine milligram equivalent |
| CI | Confidence interval |
| EMRs | Electronic medical records |
| LOS | Length of stay |
| BMI | Body mass index |