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. 2026 Jan 9;15(2):203. doi: 10.3390/plants15020203
AgNPs silver nanoparticles
CAT catalase
DHAR dehydroascorbate reductase
DLS dynamic light scattering
ET ethylene
GSH glutathione
GSSG oxidized glutathione
JA jasmonic acid
MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinases
NPR1 nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes
PAMP pathogen-associated molecular pattern
POX peroxidase
PHMB polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride
RBOH plasma membrane NADPH oxidases
ROS reactive oxygen species
SA salicylic acid
SEM scanning electron microscopy
SD standard deviation
SOD superoxide dismutase
TAP sodium tallow amphopolycarboxyglycinate
TEM transmission electron microscopy
XRD X-ray diffraction analysis
ζ-potential electrokinetic potential (“zeta” potential)