Figure 3. The combination of esketamine and 5-FU suppresses migration, invasion, and modulates associated protein expression. (A) Wound healing assays showing representative images (left) and quantified migration rates (right) of DLD1 and HCT15 cells after 48 h of treatment with esketamine (1 mM), 5-FU (30 µM), or their combination. Scale bars, 300 µm. (B) Transwell invasion assays showing representative images (left) and quantification of invaded cells (right). Scale bars, 300 µm. (C) Western blot analysis of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) protein levels in cells treated for 48 h. GAPDH served as the loading control. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3 independent experiments). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.
