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. 2025 Dec 24;27:1. doi: 10.1186/s12860-025-00563-7

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Driving Force of the Retrograde Flows. (A) Two models for the driving force of retrograde flows: Anterior pushing model and Posterior pulling model. Small “A” and “P” indicate anterior and posterior, respectively. (B-D) Velocities of the surface wave (B), myosin II flow (C), and actin flow (D) along the cell length. Data were derived from multiple cells (n = 11 each). The position was normalized to the cell length by the distance from the anterior (%). (E) Comparison of flow velocities of myosin filaments among control, blebbistatin-treated, and latrunculin A-treated cells (n = 10 for each). Blebbistatin-treated cells were observed 1 h after treatment, whereas latrunculin-treated cells were observed immediately after treatment. Data are presented as mean ± SD and analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. ** p < 0.0001, ns, not significant, P > 0.05. (F) A typical confocal image sequence of a cell expressing GFP-lifeact after treatment with latrunculin A (LatA). Similar observations were confirmed in more than 10 cells. Bars, 10 μm